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Global migration - Coggle Diagram
Global migration
Why has migration become increasingly more complex?
Globalisation leading to new source areas and host destinations
Intra-regional
Increase of migrant flows between ASEAN members
Members: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam
Southern cone of South America
High proportion within the EU
Internal flows within EDC's like India and China, driven by FDI and creating agglomerations of economic activity
Inter-regional
Migration of highly skilled workers from China, Brazil and India to the US
Migration of workers from India, Bangladesh and Egypt to oil-producing Gulf states like Saudi Arabia
Shifting demographics
Young workers
2019, the main age demographic of migrants in Central and South Asia was 25-44 year olds
Demand for labour in oil-producing countries
Female migrants
In 2019, 51% of migrants in developed countries were female and 43% in developing countries
This is largely due to the desire for more financial independence, freedom and status
In 2013, 101 countries had a higher female migrant population than male
Tertiary educated women grew by 80% in OECD countries (there are 38) in the 2000's
Development of distinct corridors and bilateral flows
Flows in South-South corridors now equal to South-North corridors
In 2013, 82 million migrants travelled South-South corridor and 81 million South-North
Main reasons for increase in South-South corridor flows
Fast growing economies in the South mean a breadth of employment opportunities
Better awareness of opportunities in the South which has resulted from improved communications
Restrictive border controls and more expensive to migrate in the North, easier to migrate to another South country
BURKINA FASO (LIDC) - IVORY COAST (EDC)
In 2018, 920,000 Burkina Faso nationals had emigrated to the Ivory Coast because of employment opportunities in cocoa and coffee plantations as well as both countries being former French colonies
MYANMAR - THAILAND
2 million migrants in the flow. Thailand is attractive due to the employment opportunities due to labour shortages. Thailand has a minimum wage of 300 baht, which is 10x more than in Myanmar
Largest migrant corridors between 2010-2019
South Sudan-Uganda
Venezuela-Colombia
Syria-Lebanon
China-USA
Syria-Turkey (LARGEST)
Before this, between 1990-2010, Mexico-USA was the largest, this no longer features due to US policies against immigration
Persecution of refugees increasing
In 2019, there were 26 million refugees, mostly from Syria, and 16 million asylum seekers - refugees have more rights as an asylum seeker is more at risk of being sent back to their country of origin
Syria
The civil war has led to 5 million refugees which funnelled into neighbouring countries - Turkey and Lebanon
However, in 2015, the Lebanese government introduced entry visas as a requirement to work in Lebanon where there were unrestricted entries previously
Other refugees have embarked on journeys into the EU
Some reach Aksa ray, an Istanbul neighbourhood and the route to Europe depends largely on wealth as the sea is less costly but with greater risk, alternatively, there are direct flights with fake passports
In 2014, 3000 died during sea crossings
In 2015, Lebanon, Jordan and Nauru had the largest ratios of refugees
Changes in immigration and emigration policy
PAKISTAN (emigration policy)
CANADA (immigration policy)
New policy is predominantly aimed at the country's requirement for high-skilled specialists like engineers, IT specialists and healthcare workers
Potential migrants are ranked on a 1200 point system which fasts-tracks young and highly skilled migrants but Canadian nationals are still considered first
Canada agreed to take 10,000 Syrian refugees over a 3 year period in 2015
Government is pro-emigration as there are 8 million working abroad, 96% of them in Gulf Cooperation Council countries
These are Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, Kuwait and Oman
Pakistan National Emigration Policy
Ratification of UN and ILO Conventions regarding rights of workers and protection of HR
Encouragement of female participation and Pakistani manpower
Support for social networks abroad - Pakistani diaspora
Enhancement of the impact of remittances
Training institutions to hep youth prepare for working abroad
What are the contemporary patterns of migration?
Relationship between international migration and socio-economic development
In 2020, 281 million people or 3.6% of the global population were living outside their country of origin
Refugees: 25 million
Asylum seekers: 3 million
Economic migrants: 72.7% of the 206 million working age migrants are economic migrants
Migration can both aid development but can also lead to inequalities in levels of development which may affect migrant flows
Remittances
Percentage of economy made up from remittances: Haiti (37%), Nepal (27%) and Montenegro (25%)
Advantages
Economic
GDP and tax base boosted, migrants are consumers, ability to fill gaps in the labour market and remittances stimulating multiplier effects
Development
Migrants can create networks through diaspora associations and more UN migration and development projects between countries occur
Stability
Remittances (social and economic), young migrants balance out an ageing population, also promoting population growth
Disadvantages
Conflicts
Social conflict between nationals and migrants, pressures on service provisions where migrants congregate, borders can become areas of conflict
Injustices
Human rights violations, detention centres, struggle of refugees amidst cultures of xenophobia
Examples
Human rights violations of Myanmar refugees on the Thai-Malaysian border
Bulgaria-Turkey border new fence and surveillance
Refugee camp at Calais containing over 3000 migrants
Inequalities
Countries of origin lose their young labour force, brain drain, birth rate declines in countries of origin and remittances can increase inequality between families who do and don't have them
International migration
In 2018, the EU countries with the largest migration gains were Germany (390,000) and Spain (330,000)
In 2018, the EU countries with the largest net migration loss were France (55,500) and Romania (55,000)
UK
IMMIGRATION
In 2018, net migration gain of 280,000 and in 2019, this dropped to 230,000
Most of these inflows come from Poland and India (830,000) and Pakistan (540,000)
660,000 Polies in the UK in 2013 and 40,000 UK professionals in Poland due to the business market and innovation
EMIGRATION
In 2020, 5 million people who were born in the UK lived abroad
Most outflows are to Australia (1,280,000), USA (760,000) and Canada (670,000)
3 main reasons
Employment opportunities
Of the 600,000 migrants in the UK in 2019, 25% had secured an employment contract before arrival
Retirement
Family reunification
In 2018, there were 9 million foreign-born migrants living in the UK with 36% of all migrants living in London
Inter-regional migrant flows
Intra-regional migrant flows
In 2012, 1.7 moved from an EU country to another, 1.7 moved from outside the EU into it and 2.7 million moved from the EU to outside of it
Explained partly by the Schengen Agreement, allowing freedom of movement between EU borders
Also explained by the expansion of the EU such as Romania and Bulgaria joining in 2007 and Croatia in 2013
Countries containing the most EU intra-regional migrants are Germany (5mil), UK (2.8mil) and France (2.3mil)
Libya/Tunisia - Italy (Lampedusa), North African ports (Ceuta, Melilla) - Spain, Turkey - Greece
In 2018, the Central Mediterranean experienced an 80% drop in crossings to 20,000, a record low
THE LEE MIGRATION MODEL: Factors influencing rates of immigration and emigration are
push
and
pull
factors but also acknowledge
intervening obstacles
that may act as a deterrent