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Biodiversity Storyline Concepts and Ideas - Coggle Diagram
Biodiversity Storyline Concepts and Ideas
Ecosystems
Biodiversity - the variation of physical and behavioral traits between organisms and how genetic diversity is possible between organisms that may seem entirely different but share some sort of relatedness
Endemic species - A species that is native to one isolated habitat or is only found in one habitat/location
Endangered species - A species with a lower population size than what it should be within an ecosystem, could interrupt HOMEOSTASIS within an ecosystem if a species were endangered with a reduced population
Human Impacts - Humans can decrease biodiversity through habitat frgamentation (breaking up habitats and resources) artificial selection (selective breeding), human interference (urbanization, ocean acidification), etc.
Genetics
Gel Electrophoresis - Fragments from restrictive enzymes would be put into gel electrophoresis with varying lengths, some fragments may be longer or shorter than others. Possible parents with fragments that go together and match the offspring can be considered possible parents.
Restrictive Enzymes - Fragments or phrases of DNA that are split up to determine an offspring's traits that it has gained from its parents, and example of this fragment may be "CCGA" where the alleles between every CCGA would determine the length of the fragment. These fragments would be put into gel electrophoresis where matching frgaments between parents would match up to determine the possible parents of an organism.
Genes - Transferred from biological parents to offspring, can determine possible phenotypic traits and behavorial traits
Dominant vs recessive - Dominant traits are more prevalent when being passed down from parents, Ss or SS genotypes are the genotypes that make the offspring show the dominant trait (heterozygous and homozygous dominant). ss genotypes make the offspring show the less prevalent recessive trait that is much rarer than the dominant trait.
Pedigrees - Shows lineage of parents and offspring between generations and the dominant/recessive trait that is passed down, malrs are represented with squares and females represented with circles, the shapes that are highlighted in show the dominant/recessive trait of the pedigree.
Genotype - pair of alleles such as ss, Ss, or SS that determine if the offspring will have a recessive or dominant trait, Ss or SS is dominant, ss is recessive
genetic diversity - relatedness between DNA sequences when comparing two organisms (either of the same species or entirely different)
Gene pool/ gene flow - Gene pool - the possible traits that an offspring of two organisms could potentially have, gene flow - how genetic information and traits are passed through different species or from parent to offspring
Reproductive isolation - certain factors that stop two differetn organisms from having offspring such as temporal (time) behavioral (adaptations and behavior) and geographical (location). Stops entirely different organisms from having offspring and the offspring not lasting long when finally born
Inbreeding - Reproduction between two organisms that are very genetically similar
Interbreeding - breeding between two species of the same genus, two very simlar species that are breeding together
Evolution
Inbreeding - organisms with high genetic relatedness are bred together and produce offspring
Mutation rates - the rate of mutations increases as genetic relatedness increases, the less genetic diverse has a higher chance for mutations, higher genetic diversity has a lower chance for mutations
Common ancestry and relatedness - organisms that share a common ancestor have some sort of relatedness/something in common such as physical, behavioral, or genetic traits
Mean kinship (MK) number - From 0 to 1, the closer the number is to 0 means less genetic relatedness, closer to 1 is more genetic relatedness between a compared species or individual organisms, lower MK numbers promote genetic diversity in offspring while higher MK numbers promote more genetic relatedness
Studbook - shows parents (sire - male, dam - female) and offspring (studs) and their mean kinship numbers (relatedness to parents and you can compare to other offspring from other parents), shows birthplace and then current location
Natural selection - natural process where organisms with traits that are in favor of their surrounding environment are more likely to pass their traits on to the next generation
Natural variation - difference of traits between the same species/genus in an ecosystem, one trait may be more beneficial than another version of the same trait in that environment
Natural adaptation - Organisms that have traits that best suit them to their environment and grant them them the best chances of survival
Survival of the Fittest - The organisms with the most physically benefitting traits will be the ones to pass on their genetic information to their offspring and the next generation of organisms in that species/environment
Artifical selection - man chooses the organisms that reproduce with each other, this tends to lead to less genetic diversity over time after the same species are bred with each other over and over again for the benefit of humans
Convergent evolution - Two species without similar ancestors come together at a pointin time due to having similar traits (behavioral or physical)
Divergent evolution - Two species with a common ancestor diverge from their common ancestor and develop slightly similar traits, grows slightly more different over time as species continue to diverge
Evidence of evolution
DNA/amino acids - similar AA or DNA sequences can show relatedness between compared species, more differences shown in DNA sequences can show the genetic diversity between compared species.
Fossil record and comparative anatomy - Similarities in fossil structure and measurements can show relatedness between two species and build as well as structure of the body and anatomy can show how two species are similar due to similar physical adaptations and bodily structure.
Biogeography - Relatedness between two species can be determined by their geographical location and distance from each other. Separate species that are located close to each other are more likely to be more genetically related while two species that are far from each other geographically may have little genetic similarities or none at all, even possibly be in different genuses altogether.
Phylogenetic tree - Diagram showing how species have evolved where and when over time, the beginning/center is a common ancestor and time goes on as you go down the tree. Splitting branches in the tree represent new species or families being formed from their common ancestors due to changes (environmental or over time).