Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Geography EoY 2023 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Close to equator, high temperature and heavy rainfall, low pressure, cover 6% of earth
- - - - As it takes longer for the sun to reach polar regions, the rays' intensity and warming power is reduced
    - - Areas have low moisture + reduced precipitation - less than 10mm a year
  - - - Reduce wind damage and conserve heat
    - - Create insulation for protection against cold
    - - Plant can grow in active layer and avoid permafrost
    - - Create energy even when cold
    - - Conserve water than can be lost through leaf surface
    - - A;;pw germination to be possible in a small favourable climatic bit
    - - Reduce damage caused by high speed winds and ice particles
    - - Can survive without soil
  - - - Layers of fat for thermal insulation
      - Large dimpled feet to walk in snow
      - Acute sense of smell to detect prey
      - nose that can close for swimming
      - Semi-translucent fur to blend in
      - Oily waterproof fur
      - Small surface area to heat ratio - reduce heat loss
  - - - Winter drop to -20C, summer can be quite warm, precipitation can be high
      - Permafrost, but there is an active layer without it near surface in summer, soil is infertile and waterlogged
      - Low growing plants, low bushes and small trees
      - More food and less extreme climates, birds abundant in summer
    - - Winter -50C, low precipitation
      - Soil is permanently covered in ice
      - Mosses and lichen are found on the fringes of ice
      - Polar bears, penguins
  - - - Cold waters of Barents sea south of Svalbard are one of the richest fishing grounds in the world. It produces 70% of all Atlantic cod, has 150 species of fish, is a very important breeding and nursery ground
    - - Has rich reserves of coal, main economic activity, more than 300 people employed in it in Svalbard
- - - - Very wet - over 2,000mm rainfall a year
      - Average daily temp of 28C
      - Very humid, consistent all year
    - - Not very fertile - rainfall washes it away
      - Rapid nutrient cycling
      - Red in colour as it is rich in iron
    - - Wide range of plant species supports many different animals, birds and insects
      - Species have adapted to conditions: trees and plants have shallow reaching roots to absorb nutrients from thin fertile layer in the soil
    - - Shrub layer
        
        Dense and dark with small plants
      - Under canopy
        
        Contains younger trees and saplings competing for light in dark conditions
      - Ground level
        
        Thick layer of decomposing leaves and buttress roots of trees, less vegetation due to dark damp conditions
      - Main canopy
        
        Roof of forest, contains tall trees, climbing plants, 50% of rainforest life is here
      - Emergent
        
        Tallest trees
  - - - Population pressure
        
        Too many people, need more houses
      - Commercial farming
        
        Farming for food to sell
      - Mineral extraction
        
        Mining, need to clear out large parts of forest
      - Subsistence farming
        
        Farming for food for family
      - Logging
        
        Need wood from trees
    - - Animals lose their homes
      - Change in climate - trees provide shelter for some species and also regulates temperature
      - Climate change - trees absorb CO2, less trees = more CO2 = more climate change
      - unregulated water cycle - Trees help control the level of water in the atmousphere
      - Soil erosion - Trees help the land to retain the water and topsoil which provides nutrients to sustain forest life
      - Flooding - without forests to keep them together, the soil washes away, and farmers constantly do this to different places, which makes the ground more susceptible to flooding
  - - - Agreements between countries to protect environment
    - - Government and locals get money from tourists, more sustainable that short-term profits of cutting down trees
    - - Selective cutting of mature trees - this allows rainforests to recover as younger trees can still grow, for every tree cut down, another one is planted
    - - Can be protected in conversations, like national parks, these areas can be best for education, scientific material and tourism
- - - - Social - better housing and services; healthcare and education
      - Economic - more jobs and higher wages
      - Environmental - better living conditions with safer environments
    - - Dharavi
        
        Home to over 1 million people
        
        Between 2 railway lines, one of the biggest squatter settlements in the world
        
        Houses made from cardboard, wood, corrugated iron, plastic sheets, metal from oil drums
        
        Lack of sanitation and clean drinking water and open sewers, pollution and diseases are common
        
        Thousands of workshops and people employed in the informal job sector
        
        Strong sense of community, lots of businesses, gives people from rural areas an opportunity
  - - - If workers don't declare earnings, they are not paying tax, if tax is not paid they are not contributing to society
    - - There are few tax collectors, is impossible to chase tax collections from informal workers, city has tax free zones to attract businesses, without tax Mumbai can't provide services
    - - Finding work is difficult, there are few jobs in the formal sector, most have to work in informal sector with low wages and bad working conditions
    - - Sewers are often open drains, doctors deal with 4000 cases of diphtheria and typhoid a day
    - - Authorities won't supply energy to illegal squatter settlements, residents have to travel to buy cooking gasses, electricity shortages are common
  - - - Improve sanitation - 5100 toilets built, 300 blocks
    - - Demolish slums, rehouse people, improve transport and sanitation
    - - Basically what it says - resettling them in like better houses
    - - Micro-credit loans, training for small businesses, financial literacy training, after school clubs for kids, free diagnostic health camps
- - - - Urban greening - more than 1/3 of Bristol is open space and over 90% of pop live within 350m of parkland or waterways
    - - high-tech industries
      - Aardman animations
      - Aerospace industries
    - - Sport
      - Shopping
    - - Commuter settlements are residential areas located near a city or urban center where residents primarily commute to work or study in the nearby city
      - uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural or undeveloped land