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The communication process. Language functions. Language in use.…

- - - - Practical actions (pointing)
      - Paralinguistics
        
        Body Lg
        
        Extra-linguistic speech-sounds with convensionalised meaning ('sh' requesting silence)
        
        Prosodic qualities with conventionalised meaning: voice, pitch, loudness (shouting), length
      - Paratextual features (illustrations, charts, typographic features)
      - +50% of the communication
  - - - poetic function (poetry or slogans)
      - ELEMENTS
    - - emotive function (Wow! What a nice surprise!)
    - - conative function (Tom! Come here!
    - - metalinguistic function (dictionaries or grammar books)
    - - phatic function (greetings)
    - - referential function (situation, objects)
        
        Verbal (linguistic)
        
        capable of being verbalised (extralinguistic)
- - - - Field: subject matter
      - Mode: social relationships (formality)
      - Tenor: speech/written, format
  - - - Locutionary Speech Act:
        literal meaning
        (Is there any salt?)
      - Perlocutionary Speech Act:
        impact on the Addressee's actions
        (they past the salt)
      - Illocutionary Speech Act:
        the pragmatic 'illocutionary force', what is really intended
        (Give me the salt)
        
        Searle (1979)
        
        Functions
        
        Assertives: Utterance as the expression of a true state of affairs (to affirm)
        
        Directives: addresser to perform an action (beg, command)
        
        Commisives: Speaker to perform an action (promises)
        
        Expressives: psychological state due to state of affairs
        (to thank, to apologise)
        
        Declaratives: existence of the state of affairs
        (appointing, awarding)
        
        Speech Acts
        
        Indirect Speech Acts: form ≠ function
        
        Declarative as directive (It's cold in here meaning close the door)
        
        Paul Grice's Cooperative Principle (1989)
        
        Maxim of Quantity: as informative as required
        
        Maxim of Quality: not false or lack of evidence
        
        Maxim of relation: relevant
        
        Maxim of manner: perspicuous / comprehensible
        
        Direct Speech Acts: form = function
        
        Declarative as assertive (It's cold in here)
        
        Imperative as directive (Close the door!)