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biology of the mind - Coggle Diagram

- - - - sensory
      - motor
    - - excitatory
      - inhibitory
  - - - schwann cells in PNS
      - oligodendrocytes in CNS
    - - astrocytes
        
        star shaped
        
        provide nutrients
        
        role in repairing brain
        
        set environment
        
        synaptic specialisation
        
        sides are thicker
        
        post synaptic structure is part of dendrite
        
        synapse covered with processes of astrocyte to mop up excess transmitters
      - satellite
        
        astrocytes of sensory ganglia
        
        surround neurone and ganglia's stomatas
  - - - somatic motoneurones
      - sensory afferent fibres
    - - target= skeletal muscle
      - terminal has vesicles containing acetylcholine
      - axon travels from CNS to target
      - myelinated axon
    - - myelinated or unmyelinated axon
      - cell body within ganglion
      - sensory ganglia run adjacent to spinal cord--> dorsal root ganglion
        
        releases glutmate
  - - - heart rate
      - blood pressure
      - gut movements
    - - sympathetic
      - parasympathetic
    - - efferent neurones have cell bodies in CNS
      - axon project out of CNS and form synapse= ganglia in PNS
    - - cell body in CNS
      - small axon on pregnaglionic neurone
      - has acetylcholine transmitter with nicotinic receptor
      - postganglionic neurone has long axon
        
        uses noradrenaline
    - - cell body in CNS
      - preganglionic axons mylinated and in target organ
        
        uses acetylcholine neurotransmitter and nicotinic receptor
      - postganglionic receptor is muscarinic
      - axon comes from dorsal vagal nucleus to ganglion near target organ
      - cholinergic
  - - - innervates organs
      - slows heartbeat
      - acts as tonic break
    - - preganglionic cells send axons to ganglia= ganglionic neurones accelerate heartbeat
      - change in balance causes change in heartbeat
- - - - Anterior→ towards front of body
      - Posterior→ towards back of body
      - Rostral→ towards head of body
      - Caudal→ towards tail of body
      - Lateral→ farther from midline
      - Medial→ nearer to midline
      - Dorsal→ towards back of body
      - Ventral→ toward front of body
      - Superior→ towards head of body
      - Inferior→ toward tail of body
    - - made up of exons that connect one side of the brain to the other
  - - - ie brainstem
      - reticulum formation in medulla and midbrain
        
        cells loosely packed
        
        for cardio control and alertness
      - raphe nuclei in midline areas of medulla and midbrain
        
        invloved in mood memory sleep cognition
        
        contains 5 HTP
      - postrema in pons and medulla
        
        contains chemoreceptor trigger zone
        
        triggers vomming
      - locus coeruleus in pons
    - - substantia nigra
        
        contains dopamine
      - superior colliculus
        
        recieves visual inputs
      - periaqueductal grey matterQ
        
        pain pathway and fear
      - red nucleus
        
        motor control centre
    - - diencephalon
        
        thalamus
        
        relay nucleus from sensory modaltites to cortex
        
        pituitary gland
        
        release hormones
        
        hypothalamus
        
        involved in homeostasis and endocrine function
        
        limbic system
        
        mood and emotion
      - telencephalon
        
        cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, neocortex
        
        higher functions occur here
        
        basal ganglia, corpus striatum and caudate nucleus
        
        part of extrapyramidal motor system
    - - temporal lobe
      - occipital lobe
      - parietal lobe
      - frontal lobe
    - - ventral
        
        where motor nerves come from
        
        sympathetic nerves come out of ventral root and into ganglia
      - dorsal
        
        efferent nerves, dorsal root ganglion and collection of sensory nerve cell bodies are
      - dorsal root ganglia on rhs
        
        axon comes into dorsal horn
      - sympathetic neurones in intermediolateral cell column
      - motor neurones in ventral horn
      - rats and mice
        
        used in labs
        
        cerebral hemispheres are smooth and folded in rat
        
        refractory bulb is smaller and tucked under in humans
        
        both have cerebellums
        
        have similar functions, cortex and midbrains
    - - CNS has 3 membranes
        
        dura mater
        
        marachnoid mater
        
        pia mater
      - brain and spinal cord have the membranes
      - helps contain fluid they exist in
        
        provide nutrients
        
        fluid made by choroid plexus
        
        fluid passes into ventricles before into extracellular space
        
        cerebral aqueduct= channel between 4th ventricle and brain stem