Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Case studies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 480,000 of these are available for family members to join US citizens
      - 140,000 available for skilled migrants
      - 45,000 for protecting refugees
      - 50,000 for immigrant visas to promote diversity
      - Temporary visas following a natural disaster or ongoing conflict
  - - - 2018, 38.5 million Mexicans lived in the US
      - Remittances from Mexican immigrants totalled 2.2% of Mexico's economy
      - Since NAFTA, trade has increased significantly and the development of aerospace and IT is Mexico is largely due to FDI provided by the US
      - Political powers remain unbalanced but there's mutual cooperation over drug trade, human trafficking, border security and water scarcity
  - - - Reasons
        
        Employment opportunities and thus, opportunity to send remittances
        
        Educational opportunities and health services
        
        Positive immigration and refugee admission policies and possibility of a Green Card
        
        Importance of family reunification
      - Main contributors
        
        India (6%)
        
        China (6%)
        
        Mexico (25%)
    - - Main destinations
        
        Mexico
        
        UK
        
        Canada
      - Why?
        
        Family reunifications in Mexico and other Latin American families
        
        Highly skilled workers in IT, education and communications have emigrated to the UK, Canada and other EU countries
  - - - Migrants contribute to low-skilled, 'unattractive; jobs in the US. Mexican immigrants made up 29% of service work and 26% in manufacturing which contributes to the overall GDP
      - Immigrants can also provide high-skilled work like the in business and science from India (76%) and China (54%)
      - Young immigrant workers where the US suffers from a decrease in birth rate and an ageing population
      - Immigrants are consumers too and so contribute to commercial sales of US companies
    - - An estimated 10.9 million unregistered immigrants live in the US
      - Uneven progress in the integration of immigrant groups into US society depending on the size and diversity of the immigrant groups
      - Where immigrant groups are concentrated, resource shortages can occur such as the water scarcities in southern Califronia
- - - - National plan for anti-human trafficking policy
        
        Protection
        
        Reintegration of returning migrants and shelters for women
        
        Prosecution
        
        Investigate trafficking networks and strengthening legal frameworks
        
        Prevention
        
        Education, campaigns
      - In 2013, 36% of the population were under 15 and so there are increasingly more people who enter into the work force
  - - - Thailand: 930,000
        
        Why is Laos not great?
        
        Insufficient land available in Laos for farming which leads to some food insecurity
        
        Daily minimum wage is 300 baht in Thailand compared to 80 baht in Laos
        
        Low levels of education in Laos mean low skilled jobs are highyl sought after
        
        Why is it easy to easier to migrate to Thailand?
        
        Similar language and culture
        
        Travel across Mekong
        
        Employment opportunities
      - USA: 200,000
      - Bangladesh: 90,000
    - - Vietnam: 10,000
      - China: less than 10,000
      - Thailand: less than 10,000
  - - - Relationship between Laos and Thailand is one of the largest in ASEAN which stimulates growth and development
      - Relations with Vietnam also promote economic growth as they collaborate with 400 investment properties
      - Remittances are important as 22% of families live on the poverty line
      - Political stability improving between Thailand, Laos and Vietnam
    - - Most economic migrants in Laos are under 18 and so vulnerable to human trafficking, forced labour and exploitation
      - Loss of skilled labour
      - The garment industry in Laos is the largest and depends on the retention of young female migrants which might be lost to other low skilled jobs in Thailand
- - - - This slowed to a loss of 190,000 between 2010-2014
        
        Slowing down of emigration of lower skilled economic migrants to the USA
        
        Rise of influx from Haiti and increasingly from African countries using Ecuador and Chile
  - - - Portugal - 140,000
      - Japan - 50,000
      - Paraguay - 40,000
    - - USA - 370,000
      - Japan - 370,000
      - Portugal - 140,000
  - - - Portugal
        
        For economic migrants, Portugal has become a gateway into the EU
        
        The shared language and familial ties allow easy integration
        
        Reciprocal migration then takes place due to the social diaspora in both countries
      - USA
        
        Migrants working in the US are able to remit significant remittances in terms of both financial and social due to the acquisition of skills and knowledge
        
        USA and Brazil have agreements regarding agriculture, trade, finance, education and defence
        
        Strong links to the service sector; education
        
        USAID supports environmental projects ranging from aiding the Xavante indigenous people to protect their tribal lands as well as assisting the Brazilian government in protecting the rainforest.
      - Haiti
        
        The National Immigration Council for Brazil enables Haitian immigrants to obtain visas easily in Haiti
        
        Of great benefit, especially after the 2010 earthquake and the effects of Hurricane Sandy
        
        Haitians want to escape the political instability, unemployment, poverty, poor access to education and the abuse of human rights - especially gender based violence
        
        Haitians often flee to Rio de Janeiro and Santa Caterina where there are low-skilled agricultural jobs
  - - - Immigration mostly contributed to the growth of the agriculture and manufacturing sectors
      - Highly skilled professionals contributing to entrepreneurship, innovation and reducing gaps in the labour market
      - Emigration = remittances which make up 0.1% of Brazil's GDP
    - - Member of G20, OECD and BRICS as well as one of the leading countries in Mercosur and so has a stable political system
        
        Mercosur offers free flows of trade, money and labour migration
      - Stable links to USA, Japan and Portugal
    - - UNESCO argues that there are inequalities between ethnic groups in Brazil as a result of immigration patterns
        
        These inequalities stem from housing provision, access to services, educational attainment and income
        
        Poverty concentrated in favelas and rural areas
        
        Prejudice against black and indigenous people specifically in the labour market