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Power in Early modern Britain 1450-1800 - Coggle Diagram
Power in Early modern Britain 1450-1800
The Reformation and the Pilgrimage of Grace
The Reformation
Henry's break from the Catholic church
Caused by Henry's wish to be divorced from his wife Catherine of Aragon and Henry also viewed the power of the Pope as a threat to his own rule
The Dissolution of the Monasteries (begins in 1536)
Henry closed the monasteries which helped to support the poor in England at the time
This left many disadvantaged and others poor
The restoration of the monasteries was one of the main reasons for the pilgrimage of grace
Thomas Cromwell assisted with the reformation and getting Henry his divorce but this caused anger for others
The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536
Demands
Restoration of the Monasteries
recognise the Pope as the head of the church again
Dismiss Cromwell and other ministers that ere giving bad advice
Later they would want a parliament in York for better representation of the North
Causes
Thomas Cromwell was hated by many people and blamed for the reformation and the changes to the church
Prices were rising despite Henry no longer having to pay taxes to the Pope
Some landowners lost influence when Catherine of Aragon fell out of favour
the Changes to religion
the effects that the closing of the monasteries was having on people and may were unemployed
Events
The Rebels began in Yorkshire and began to attack and capture key locations. They captured York and Pontefract castle and Lord Dacy was captured and joined the campaign
By the end of October, they were in control of most of England
The rebels were led by the lawyer Robert Aske who provided leadership as a lawyer. The rebels were not attempting to overthrow Henry and believed in the royal authority
The Duke of Norfolk was sent by Henry to negotiate with the rebels and he is presented with the list of demands and says that the rebels will be pardoned
Aske spends Christmas with Henry but strengthens his garrisons in the North
January 1537 rebels attack some castles and this give Henry the excuse to cancel their pardons and another rebellion begins
The rebels surrender and some are executed and Aske is killed in York on the 12 July 1537
Consequences
Henry dissolved the larger monasteries in 1539
Anyone who resisted was now brutally punished like the Abbot of Glastonbury was dragged through town, hanged and had his head placed on a spike
Monasteries were left in ruins
Henry made lots of money from the monasteries and he spent it developing the royal navy and building fortifications
The brutal response from Henry was a warning and no more rebellions took place in his reign
Cromwell was executed after falling out of failure
Henry consolidated his control over the North
The English Civil War
Causes
Charles
He believed in the Divine Right of Kings and so believed that parliament and the royal court should not be involved in decisions.
The economy and taxes
There was persistent money issues for the country when fighting wars in France and Charles introduced Ship money that taxed the whole country for ships or the monetary equivalent. Many refused to pay
Religious tension
Henry married a catholic which made people suspicious and William Laud introduced lots of reforms which were quite catholic and this angered many puritans and some protested and were tried in the Star chamber which was very corrupt
Scottish rebellion
Charles attempted to force Scotland in 1637 to use the new Laudian prayer book and Scotland began to riot. They signed an agreement called a covenant that they would not accept the changes and they were called Covenanters. Charles sent an army to stop the rebels in 1639 but it failed and the Covenanters invaded England.
The Short Parliament
Charles reconvened parliament in 1640 after dissolving parliament for 11 years to get more money to fight the Scottish. parliament demanded that the Laudian changes would stop and that they had to approve each law and there were no unpopular taxes but Charles disagreed and parliament was dissolved again after a month
The Earl of Strafford
One of Charles' favourites and was sent to Ireland to maintain control but this worried parliament as he had a strong loyal army and they worried that Charles would use the army against England and Stafford encouraged Charles to rule without parliament
The long parliament
Parliament was once again called in nov 1640 and they gave him demands again and once again he refused and in 1642 the civil war began
Rebellion in Ireland
There was rebellion in Ireland after Stafford left. Many protestants were killed by Catholics and parliament funded an army but took charge of it themselves not giving it to Charles which infuriated him.
Charles attempts to arrest MPs
Charles wanted to arrest the 5 MPs that were his main opposition in parliament and he marched on it with an army to do so. This showed his tyrannical nature
The sides
The Cavaliers(royalists)
wealthy landowners
Mostly in the North of England
Roundheads(Parliamentarians)
Supported by the middle-class and peasant workers
Based in the South and London
Mostly merchants who did not support taxes and those who disliked the political and religious changes
Led by Cromwell and Thomas Fairfax
Cromwell invented the new model army and was a puritan
Events
First battle was in 1642 at Edgehill. The round heads were led by Prince Rupert who was quite successful and to combat this propaganda was created to make him look weak
The New model army was created in 1645 which was used in Naseby adn was very successful and led to the defeat of the cavaliers
Charles was captured in 1647 by the Scots and he tried to negotiate with parliament and at the same time tried to get the Scottish to support him against parliament which they then did and this showed Charles was deceptive and tricky
The Rump parliament was in 1648 and was when soldiers surrounded the house of commons and refused entry to any who supported the negations so Charles had no supporters
Few believed that Charles should die but eventually he was executed in 1649 and England became a republic with Cromwell as the Lord Protector
Consequences
New ideas
Levellers that wanted the votes for all men and a more equal society. However they were imprisoned
Diggers campaigned for land reforms
England became more equal due to the nature of puritanism
Religion
Society was forced to reflect Cromwell's more puritan views
this made him unpopular
People were able to worship as they wished
Cromwell became Lord Protector so he was in King in everything but name
Economy
Taxes were more efficient
Only English ships were allowed to dock in England which was unpopular
Politics
Cromwell won wars against the Spanish and the Dutch and he alos appointed major generals to hold control of england
The American revolution
Causes
Trade
The Colonies could only trade with England which was frustrating
Taxes
Various taxes were implemented on the colonists which angered them and caused the slogan no taxation without representation
The Stamp tax 1763 which was on all documents and the tea tax as well as there were various others
The colonists were forced to pay for the British soldiers there
The Events leading up to the war
The Boston Massacre 1770 - Anti-British colonists were shot by soldiers
The Boston tea Party 1773 - Colonists throw British tea form ships into the Boston Harbour in protest of the Tea tax
The Lexington Incident 1775 - British Soldiers were attacked when they tried to seize some gunpowder and this was the beginning of the revolution
Opinions
Some believed that there should be compromises as well as some loyalists
Radicals were independent and believed that there should be representation in Britain
Pamphleteers like Thomas Paine influenced the revolution and helped to argue the case for the revolution
Some in parliament were sympathetic for the colonists but they were few
Consequences
The british were defeated at Yorktown in 1781 and they were able to stop the British with the help of the French
America became its own country with its current system
Slavery and discrimination still existed in America
Relations between France and Britain worsened
India became the most important colony in terms of trade for the British Empire and Australia and New Zealand became the new penal colonies
The American revolution inspired the French one and also inspired the growing working-class to demand rights and it showed that authority could be challenged