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versalius, William Harvey, Ambroise Pare, Thomas Sydenham, general…
versalius
Factors that helped his work- New Technology: The invention of the printing press in 1440 let his work spread and more people to learn about his discoveries and new art art methods let his discoveries get drawn in more detain.
Attitudes and beliefs: He believed that it was vital to ask questions and challenge traditional theories by dissection.
studied in Italy and Paris
wrote The fabric of the human body published in 1543 and had detailed diagrams of an executed man right down to his skeleton- corrected Galen's mistakes. A new method of progression was public dissection. Copies were printed and sold across Europe.
discovered that Galen was wrong on so many things: human jaw is 1 bone not 2, blood doesn't flow to the heart through invisible holes in the septum.
He was opposed because he went against Galen. Many physicians followed Galen and wouldn't change their wrong beliefs.
Factors that hindered his work?: attitudes and beliefs- Physicians were reluctant to accept Versailles' discoveries because they disproved Galen's.
Overall Versailles was a very significant man and influenced many other younger scientists to challenge instead of accept Galen's ideas.
William Harvey
Studied medicine at Cambridge and Padua university. He worked as a doctor then a lecturer of anatomy.
Published a book called "an anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood in animals" published in 1628
He discovered that the same blood circulated around the body which proved Galen wrong because he thought that blood was produced in the liver and used up as it went around the body. He also proved that there was only one type of blood not 2. He showed that veins bring blood into the heart and arteries carry blood from the heart and no blood is used up therefore there is no organ needed to produce new blood.
Harvey was shunned by the medical community but some philosophers supported him.
Printing press benefitted him because he could share his ideas more easily. Mechanical water pumps may have given him the idea that the heart pumps blood. He refused to believe Galen and said he prefers to learn from dissection and not books.
He couldn't prove the existence of capillaries but argued that they do exist, people at the time were reluctant to believe him because it proved Galen wrong.
Published his work in 1628 so that everyone could repeat his experiments.
Ambroise Pare
1536 was an army surgeon and worked treating gunshot wounds and sword wounds or 20 years
wrote a book called works on surgery published in 1575.
Before Pare wounds were treated by pouring boiling oil on them because doctors thought it would help them heal. They also stopped wounds from bleeding with a red hot iron which was called cauterising. He realised that wounds healed more quickly without boiling oil and instead used bandages and an assortment of ointment. He stopped cauterising wounds and instead tied off arteries with silk thread which wasn't new but it was a time where doctors were willing to challenge old ideas.
Was opposed because he couldn't prove the existence of capillaries.
Factors that aided his work: war- Pare trained on battlefields, technology and communications- the invention of the printing press meant that he could spread his work more easily, attitudes and beliefs- society was willing to try new thinks like ligatures.
Germs hadn't been discovered yet so he couldn't explain why some people died after having ligatures (it was because sometimes the thread carried infection).
Thomas Sydenham
Nicknamed the english Hippocrates and was well respected doctor in 1660s and 70s.
published a book in 1676
Instead of treating each symptom separately, he treated them all as the symptoms of one cause. He believed that each disease was different and treatment differed for each disease. Still believed in the 4 humours. He refused to diagnose a patient based on medical textbooks and noted down their symptoms and treated the disease causing them. The nature of the patient had little to do with the disease.
Printing press 1440, many of the people in the Renaissance were open to trying jew things because of the attitudes and beliefs at the beginning.
Didnt want to believe him because he went against Galen.
Important in moving medicine away from Galen and laid the foundations for a more scientific approach to medicine from the 18th century onwards.
general revision list
Factors that helped/ hindered progression during the renaissance: attitudes and beliefs, government, individuals, war, chance, improved communications, teamwork, science and technology.
cause of disease: continuity- four humours, Galen, miasma because germs weren't discovered yet.
They treated the disease by trying to stop the symptoms instead of treating the disease itself.