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DEMOGRAPHY - Coggle Diagram
DEMOGRAPHY
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DEATHS
The number of deaths has been fairly stable since 1900 (600,000 per year), but theres been fluctuations, eg the 2 world wars & the 1918 flu epidemic
Death Rate - is the number of deaths per thousand of the population per yr. It has halved from 19-8.9 between 1900-2012
The DR began falling from 1870-1930. It rose slightly during 1930-40s due to economic depression & ww2. Since the 50s it has declined slightly
Reasons for Fall of DR
Up to 1970, about 3/4 of the decline was due to deaths from infectious dieases (smallpox). This decline was largely brought about by changing social factors include:
Improved Nutrition = according to McKEOWN, better diet accounted for half the reduction in the DR, by increasing people resistant to infection
Medical Improvement = Before 50s, medical improvements played almost no part in reducing deaths from infectious. From 50s, the DR fell due to vaccinations, antibiotics, creation of the NHS etc.
Public Health Improvements = More effective government with the power to pass / enforce laws to improve public health - eg better housing / water, cleaner air, improved sewage disposal etc.
Other Social Changes = that reduce the DR include: the decline of more dangerous occupations (mining etc), smaller families reduced transmissions of infection etc.
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Population Growth
Demography is the study of population, include factors affecting its size & growth. Whether a population is growing, declining or stable is affected by 4 factors:
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The UKs population grew from 37m in 1901 to 65m today & predicted to reach 71m by 2031. (Natural Change)
AGEISM, MODERNITY & POSTMODERNITY
Old age in modern society = life is structured into fixed age stages & age related identities, such as pupils, worker or pensioners. Our identity & status are determined by our role in production so those excluded from production have a dependant status & stigmatised identity
Old age in postmodern society = The fixed stages of the life course have broken down. This gives individuals a greater choice of lifestyle, whatever their age. Consumption, not production, becomes the key to our identitites. As HUNT argues we can choose an identity regardless.
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MIGRATION
Immigration
From 1900-40s, the largest immigrant groups in the UK were the Irish, European Jews & people of British desent from Canada / USA. Very few immigrants were non-white
White & Non-White Immigrants - During 50-70s non-white immigrants began to come from Carribean, Africa etc. By 2011, minority ethnic groups accounted for 14% of population. However, most immigrants to the UK were white Irish & Europeans
Despite this, immigration & nationality acts from 1962-90 place severe restrictions on non-white immigration. By the 80s, non-whites accounted for barely a quater of immigrants. The mainly white countries of the European Union became the chief source of immigrants
Movement of people (internal / international) // affects the size & age structure of population. Until the 80s more people left then entred UK
Emigration
Since 1900, most emigrants have gone to the USA. Canada, Australia, New Zeland & South Africa:
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BIRTHS
1) Birth Rate - the number of living births per 1,000 of pop per yr.
there has been a long term decline in birth rate. in 1900, it was almost 29, 2014 = 12.2
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2) Total Fertility Rate - average number of children women will have during her fertile years. In the 60s babyboom it reached an average of 2.9, reaching the low of 1.63 in 2001, before rising to 1.83 in 2014. The total fertility rate obviously affects family & household size. // Two important trends are:
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THE AGEING POPULATION
The UK population is ageing. in '71. the average age was 34, its now nearly 40. By 2031, it'll reach 42. The number of 65+ equal the number of 15- for the first time in 2014. The main reason for this ageing:
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