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word2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - MORPHEME
        
        free morpheme LEXICAL MORPHEME
        
        Bound grammatical morpheme
        
        derivations lexical process
        
        inflectional grammatical process
        
        Ending we add to a word to indicate aspects (plural (number) or past tenses) , they can’t create new words
        
        Used to give more grammatical information abt words
        
        Can occur only on open classes and pronouns
        
        NOUN inflection
        
        Can be inflected to show plurality and to indicate possession
        
        4 more items...
        
        VERB inflection
        
        2 more items...
        
        Affixation: process by which bound morphemes are added to bases to form new words
        
        Minimal and meaningful
        
        The smallest unit of meaning in a word
        
        Root morpheme : part of a complex word at the heart of its construction and its meaning
        
        Base : unit to which other morphemes may be added to create a new word
    - - SOUNDS PATTERNS
      - PHRASES
      - WORDS
        
        word form : Sequences of letters separated by space , considered as a flexible identity, freestaning
        
        GRAMMATICAL WORDS: Words that fall into one grammatical category (word class or part of speech)
      - CLAUSES
      - SENTENCES
      - TEXTS
  - - - Reference model thought to foreaners, codified form of the language axepted by the speakers serving as a model to a speech comunity
      - Each foreign speaker will tend to use a different set of mistakes
      - THE EMERGENCE OF STANDARD ENGLISH
        
        Standardization proceeds in 4 stages
        
        Selection
        
        Acceptance
        
        Elaboration
        
        Codification
        
        GENERAL ENGLISH (GenE)
        
        includes a wide spectrum of varieties which are widely used and understood
        
        GenE is the more general term and includes StE
        
        Traditional Dialect
        
        varieties which have the same historical roots as GenE but evolved in enough isolation from GenE
        
        English creoles
        
        hybrid languages whose lexicon comes predominantly from the English superstrate
        
        new creole language which emerges (often via an intermediate pidgin) may have features so different from General English as not to be comprehensible to GenE speakers
        
        We can compare StE, GenE, traditional dialect, and English creoles in regard to five criteria which are sometimes applied to language varieties: historicity, vitality, autonomy, reduction, and purity
        
        SOCIOLINGUISTICS describes how social identities are established and maintained in language use
        
        SOCIALINGUISTICS PROPER examines the languages used by various groups by the based on age, class, ethnicity, region, gender..; it looks into questions of of groups identity within societies and how variations correlates with membership in groups
        
        the power of a state is the guarantor of an effective language policy, the goal is a reinforcement go the feeling of solidarity with the group in power
        
        in the global context English was choosen after 3 terms: linguistic assimilation, linguistic pluralism, vernacularization, internationalization
        
        DIATYPES
        
        uses are treated under this label that differ according to the porpose or function of a text, its MODE or medium (written or spoken), its STYLE or TENOR (register), its topic of discourse
        
        FIELD is a language variety determinate by the subject (specific words, marker of a topic)
        
        spoken vs written language
        
        Tenor: frozen, formal, consultative, familiar, informal, colloquial, slang
        
        DIALECTS
        
        is a language variety with their own features determined by users (their geographic areas, social classes..), more oriented toward the social features of users than texts
        
        1 more item...
        
        WORDS AS CLASS INDICATORS: there is a link between lexical choices and the social class of a speaker
        
        1 more item...
    - - Substandard vaitiety’s mistakes becomes features
      - upper-class usage of Southern England that was adopted as standard
      - Improprieties chiefly concern similar words which historically had distinct meanings but are commonly used as if identical.
      - Solecisms comprise what is felt to be violations of number concord
      - Barbarisms include a number of different things. They may be foreign expressions deemed unnecessary, fully acceptable if there is not a shorter and clearer English way to the meaning or if the foreign terms are especially appropriate
  - - - words form seen from the meaning point of view
    - - Can be a single word or a combination of two words that have one single meaning :vertical_traffic_light:
        
        refers to each individual meaning
  - - - English vocabulary changes frequently bc of contacts and culture dominations, globalisation , new words are coined all the time
        
        easy accept foreign loans into their lexicon
        
        loan words are more specific in meaning, less emotional thus more FORMAL , longer
        
        English native words are generally short (even 1 syllabic)
        
        remarkably large vocabulary (number of words between 300,000 and 450,000)
        
        With no true synonyms
        
        Every word has it’s denotation (the object,person,idea,state which a word refers to) and connotative meaning (attitudes which a word evoke)
        
        English lexicon is larger than most other languages, due to historical reasons : invasions and historical changes
      - started out with a Anglo-saxon word stock, viking and Norman enriched the language
  - - - each words classes works in the same ways
        
        English words can change words classes
        
        they help us know that a certain word have a specific features
      - 9
        
        nouns
        
        pronouns
        
        verbs
        
        adjectives
        
        preopsitions
        
        conjunctions
        
        articles
        
        interjections
        
        adverbs
      - 3 major families
        
        LEXICAL: nouns, verbs, adjective, adverbs
        
        have a semantic meaning
        
        open :open_file_folder: to new items so they can be expanded
        
        FUNCTION (pronouns, prepositions, conjunction, articles)
        
        have little meaning and more function
        
        fixed and can’t be expanded :file_folder:
        
        fewer number of words and change is very slow, majority are old English or old norse
        
        usually contains just 1 or 2 syllables
        
        INSERTS (interjections)
      - recognisable by their morphology and position