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Negotiations and compromise 1989-91 - Coggle Diagram
Negotiations and compromise 1989-91
de Klerks new course
Coming into Power
-Botha died to a stroke in Feb 1989
-de Klerk was his successor
First Speech as pres
-outlined a 'New Course'
-promised the real end to apartheid and power sharing between racial groups, not integration
-the New Course was a statement that govt would work towards equal rights for all SA's
-recognised the need to talk to opposition groups
What the New Course reflected
-SA seemed on the verge of civil war
-economic decline continued
-NP losing support, won on a reduced majority
-support from USA and other western countries was reduced due to communism no longer being seen as a threat
-influential businesses pre-empted the New Course by seeking dialogue with the ANC
Mandela's Release
1985
-Botha offered to release Mandela if he stopped the armed struggle
-Mandela refused, his message was broadcast in a speech read by his daughter at UDF rally in 1985
-late 1985, he was given his own flat separate from other prisoners
1988
-despite still being in prison, he met with 4 govt members almost weekly
-Mandela seen as valuable so was moved to a house within a nicer prison, where he was able to receive political visitors and negotiate with the govt
-600 million worldwide watched a live Wembley Stadium event for Mandela's birthday
-painted Mandela in a positive light, changed international views on Mandela
1990 (de Klerk)
-11th February Mandela was released after 27 years in prison
-people believed he was the one leader who could negotiate a peaceful transition of govt
-ANC declared a ceasefire to the armed struggle to begin negotiations
-
October dismantling of apartheid began
Significance of Release
-Mandela most striking symbol of anti-apartheid movement
-Mandela's slow walk to freedom was televised internationally
-provided a moment of political hope
-Mandela held a speech in Soweto's football stadium, 120,000
-travelled worldwide to gain support
-April 1990, visited London for a televised concert, 500 million global audience
-8 minute standing ovation
Unbanning of political parties
Influence of the New Course
-the New Course recognised the need to talk to opposition groups
-ANC, PAC were legalised
-LT political prisoners were released
Negatives
-unbanning itself had little effect on violence
-little effect on political parties being able to fight elections
-ANC had little formal political organisation in SA
Problems for the ANC
-ANC had participated in violence, now found it hard to control members
-ANC had been in exile for so long it lacked internal organisation
-administrative structures had to be quickly developed
NP and ANC
-both the ANC and the NP knew they had to work together to reach lasting a lasting agreement
-if they failed, there could be full-scale armed conflict
Unrest and Violence
Inkhata
-formed in 1990
-was prepared to work with the govt
-offered an anti-communist stance
-unbanning of other groups led to Inkatha attacking those sympathetic to ANC
White Extremist Reaction
-many white people opposed the changes
-some prepared to work democratically through the Conservative Party but others supported violence
-committed bombings and acts of intimidation
-sought to prevent negotiations by storming halls
-wanted an independent white homeland
Reasons for Violence
-many Africans had given up education for the anti-apartheid movement, felt unskilled to manage in a future SA
-remained suspicious of de Klerk, his govt still associated with apartheid
-violent white groups
-creation of Inkhata led to violence
-PAC targeted white people as well as black opponents
Growth in Poor Whites
-many white people suffered economically with the appearance of more non-white people
-opposed the dismantling of apartheid as it protected white jobs
-1991, 20,000 white people needed support
Dismantling of apartheid
Repealing Apartheid
Separate Amenities Act
-had formed the basis for petty apartheid
-repealed in Oct 1990 so segregation facilities became illegal
Act of Parliament June 1991
-repealed acts such as the Population Registration Act and Group Areas Act
de Klerks Intentions
-argued with his colleagues that the end had to come quick rather than gradually
-gradual reduction would lead to mistrust and delays
CODESA 1991
What and When
-transition to democracy was hard with many difficulties
-December 1991 saw the creation of the
Convention for a Democratic SA
(CODESA)
-charged with preparing the ground for a new constitution
Negatives
-Inkhata, PAC and conservatives refused to attend
-negotiations bad tempered among those who did attend
Declaration of Intent
-biggest significant achievement of CODESA 1
-statement committing to the govt reform
-vaguely worded but it enabled de Klerk to seek a referendum to see whether white voters supported reform
-1992, 62% said they supported the reform, so it gave him the mandate to continue