06 SPAIN: THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XIII AND THE CRISIS OF THE RESTORATION
1 THE REGENERATIONIST RESTORATION AND THE CRISIS OF 1917
In 1902, Alfonso XIII came of age when he was 16 years old
Abd-el-Krim resulted in Spain’s defeat at the Battle of Annual
2 THE PRIMO DE RIVERA DICTATORSHIP
The dictatorship was an authoritarian response
Primo de Rivera took power by launching a military coup d’état
Two types of government.
The military directorate (1923–1925).
The civil directorate (1925–1930)
Republican opposition to the dictatorship began to form in 1928
The republican, socialist and nationalist opposition unified its demands in the Pact of San Sebastián
REGIME‘S PROPAGANDA
3 SOCIETY AND THE ECONOMY
In the first three decades of the 20th century
Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship followed the state intervention and economic nationalism
The public works policy modernised infrastructures and created employment
There were huge social inequalities and an illiteracy rate of 65%
