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SPAIN: THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XIII AND THE CRISIS OF THE RESTORATION -…
SPAIN: THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XIII AND THE CRISIS OF THE RESTORATION
THE REGENERATIONIST RESTORATION AND THE CRISIS OF 1917
Alfonso XIII marked the start of the second phase of the Restoration.
During this phase, politicians tried to reform the regime
The movement had existed previously, but it became stronger after the Disaster of 1898.
Institutional regenerationism was consolidated
separately to the regenerationism advocated by republicans and socialists, vetoed by the regime
José Canalejas’s liberal government
Antonio Maura’s conservative governments
FRANCISCO FERRER Y GUARDIA (1859–1909)
THE CRISIS OF 1917
some business sectors had benefited from Spain’s neutrality and made large profits by exporting to countries involved in the conflic
the end of the Great War and of profits from exports worsened the situation
The crisis of 1917 affected three main areas
Military crisis
Soldiers joined organisations called Juntas de Defensa Militar and demanded higher wages
Political crisis.
The political crisis had worsened because the government had suspended the Cortes and constitutional rights
Social crisis
workers’ trade unions, the socialist UGT, and anarchist CNT called a general strike
the Bolshevik Triennium (1917–1920),
Russian Revolution, intensified their struggle
THE PRIMO DE RIVERA DICTATORSHIP
The dictatorship was an authoritarian response to the political demands of some segments of society
Primo de Rivera took power by launching a military coup d’état
two types of government
The civil directorate (1925–1930).
Primo de Rivera tried to institutionalise his authoritarian corporatist regime by bringing together workers and business owners to prevent class conflict
The military directorate (1923–1925)
The dictator was advised by the military.
general berenguer
SOCIETY AND THE ECONOMY
Spain continued with patterns of slow industrial and agricultural modernisation inherited from the 19th century
economic policy during Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship followed the Italian fascist mode
state intervention and economic nationalism
public works policy modernised infrastructures and created employment
roduced a large public deficit, aggravated by the weakness of the fiscal system
were huge social inequalities and an illiteracy rate of 65%
half of the rural population lived below the poverty
