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05 FASCISM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Radical nationalism
        
        one of the pillars of fascist ideology
        
        stated that the nation itself was superior to all others and was indivisible
        
        it denied the existence of class conflicts
        
        national community was more important than leftist or rightist politics
      - Irrationalism
        
        Violence, war, anti-intellectualism and strength were worshipped
        
        Fascism twisted Darwin’s theories of the natural selection of species (‘weak’ had to die as part of a process of social selection)
        
        Inhumane policies were used to eradicate people with disabilities, homosexuals, certain races, etc
        
        This was opposed to the enlightened values that had inspired contemporary ideologies from liberalism to Marxism
      - Totalitarianism
        
        People had no rights outside of the interests of the state, the single party and its official ideology
        
        Fascist leaders led all-embracing states with personality cults
      - Racism and xenophobia
        
        belief in the division of humanity into superior and inferior races
        
        superiority of the national culture over others
      - Anti-communism, anti-liberalism and anti-feminism
        
        Rejecting foreign ideas was another fascist ideology
        
        rejected the class struggle by stating that the nation would overcome social conflicts
        
        rejected the rights of the individual through the power of the totalitarian state
        
        rejected women’s rights, they relied on patriarchy as the basis of society
      - Imperialism and militarism
        
        belief in the superiority of the nation itself
        
        the cult of war justified militaristic expansionism
      - Corporate state
        
        denying the existence of social classes
        
        society had to be organised in associations or corporations ( jobs, family...)
      - State-led capitalist economy
        
        Fascist states,anti-communist, preserved private property and capitalist labour and production
        
        the government guided the economy to strengthen the state and become an autarky, or a self-sufficient country
        
        reinforced the state’s imperialistic nature, as it needed an empire to exploit to obtain resources.
      - Belligerence against international institutions.
        
        principles of national superiority, imperialism and militarism were totally opposite to those of the League of Nations
        
        Fascist regimes acted against peaceful, open and balanced diplomatic relations
- - - - consequence of different factors
        
        post-war economic crisis
        
        intense social response
        
        biennio rosso (two red years) took place between 1919 and 1920
        
        socialists and anarchists created workers’ councils inspired by the Soviets
        
        Irrationalism in culture
        
        advocated anti-intellectualism and legitimised the use of violence
        
        frustration
        
        lack of attention its country was given by the Treaties of Paris in 1919
        
        feeling of humiliation due to the lack of compensation awarded after the war
        
        bankruptcy of the liberal parliamentary system
        
        no party won the majority
  - - - established himself as its leader called Il Duce
      - fascist movement developed a policy of violent attacks against workers throughout the country
        
        way of confronting the revolutionary demands of the biennio rosso
        
        supported by the wealthy classes and conservatives
  - - - King Victor Emmanuel III entrusted Mussolini with the formation of a new government
        
        Mussolini dismantled democratic institutions to exercise increasing ideological, political and social control
  - - - state proceeded to control politics, the economy, social organisations and the media
      - persecution of opponents and political repression began
      - Strikes were made iligali and the opposition was tenaciously persecuted in secret
  - - - conquest of the African country between 1935 and 1936 was condemned by the League of Nations
        
        led to the massacre of thousands of Ethiopian civilians
  - - - For this reason, Mussolini’s Italy allied with Hitler’s Germany and the Japanese Empire, and was involved in military intervention in Spain
- - - - leader was Adolf Hitler
      - took racist and nationalist totalitarian principles to the extreme
      - Nazi Party
        
        Anti-Semitism
        
        Jews were considered enemies of the Aryans , they had to be eliminated
        
        Anti-communism
        
        Nazism considered communism and Marxism a Jewish ideology
        
        murder of disabled people
        
        to preserve the purity of the Aryan race
        
        Germany’s expansion towards the east of Europe
        
        inhabited by Slavs who were considered an inferior race
        
        achieve living space an empire that would guarantee resources and territory for the Aryan population
        
        Superiority of the Aryan race
        
        identified with the German nation
        
        Nazi propaganda claimed Aryan race was destined to dominate the world
        
        Revanchism
        
        against France and rejection of the Treaty of Versailles
  - - - 1921, Adolf Hitler became its leader
      - During his prison, Hitler wrote the first part of Mein Kampf a work which, to a large extent, explains the Nazi ideology
  - - - Hitler, who led the uprising, was tried and imprisoned
    - - collapse of banks and industries again drove Germany to poverty ( rise of Nazism)
    - - no possibility of any party winning by majority
        
        president of the republic, Hindenburg, appointed Hitler as prime minister
        
        Once he was in power, Nazism began to dismantle =dictatorship
      - 1934
        
        Hitler established a new order, the Third Reich
        
        became the president, chancellor, and commander of the army.
        
        carried out an intense industrial policy of rearmament and public works
        
        1936
        
        Nazi regime exalted the Aryan race through its propaganda apparatus, led by Joseph Goebbels
        
        the Gestapo operated as a political police force with full powers to repress opponents of Nazism and groups considered ‘inferior’ or ‘weak
        
        June 1934
        
        SS, an elite Nazi corps
        
        attack against the SA, a Nazi paramilitary organisation that fought for power within the National Socialist Movement
        
        SA leaders were assassinated in what is known as the Night of the Long Knives
  - - - France and Great Britain consented to this
- - - - Nazi militants and civilian volunteers assaulted Jewish neighbourhoods
        
        In the process, they committed hundreds of murders and destroyed shops and synagogues
      - Nazi agents allowed this to happen but denied it
        
        act of revenge by the people for the murder of a Nazi leader at the hands of a Polish Jew