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Independent clauses and dependent clauses (Adverbial clauses) - Coggle…
Independent clauses and dependent clauses (Adverbial clauses)
Adverbial clauses
(Eastwood, 1994)
Adverbial clauses can go in front position (often followed by a comma) or end position.
Conjunction + participle or a preposition + gerund
Conjunctions such as
when, while, once, until, where...
Type of adverbial clauses
Clauses of time
With a conjunction.
I
hardly
get some rest
when
I have classes.
Grammar of the clause
(Biber, Conrad & Leech, 2002)
Clauses are units structured around a verb phrase.
Independent
: can stand alone.
She's beautiful.
Coordination
: two clauses are connected, each one with equal status.
She's beautiful
and
intelligent.
Subordination
: one clause is embedded as part of another.
Although
he's nice, he's boring.
Ellipsis
: allow us to subtract words from the complete structure.
He's nice
but
boring.
Subordination and dependent clauses
: can be signalled by
an overt link
(subordinators, wh-words) or
non-finite verb phrases
(introduced by an infinitive, -ing participle or -ed participle).
Coordination
: can link words, phrases or clauses. Three major coordinators:
and
,
or
and
but
.
Ellipsis
: omission of elements recoverable from linguistic context or situation. Can be at the front, middle or end of a clause. Can also occur in coordinate, dependent clauses o independent ones.
SUBJECT-VERB CONCORD
: in finite clauses, the verb phrase agrees with subject in terms of number and person.
Concord with plurals not ending in -s:
The sheep is
sleeping outside.
The sheep were
sleeping outside.
Concord with singular forms ending in -s:
Politics wishes
to change reality.
Politics are
difficult to learn.
Concord with coordinated subjects:
Ana and Andrea
are nice girls.
Happiness and sadness is
realising your path and
appears
when you least expect
it
.
Concord with quantifying expressions.
Indefinite pronouns (everybody, anyone, nobody...):
Everybody wants
to rule the world.
Quantifying pronouns take either singular or plural concord.
Some of your friends
are nice.
Some of it
is fake.
Concord with collective nouns:
AE: singular is the norm.
BE: allow either singular or plural concord.
Notional concord: the notion of singular/plural in the subject determine the form of the verb, rather than the grammatical form of the subject.
Two pounds
is way too little!
Independent Clauses
not part of any larger clauses structure
simple independent clause (single clause)
You can give me a cheque.
coordinated independent clauses (2 or more coordinated clauses)
He was crying and so I gave him back his jackect.
complex independent clause (with 1 or more dependent clauses)
If you pay too much they'll give us the money back.
can be coordinated
can include embedded dependent clauses
speech-act functions
Eliciting
question
interrogative clause
VS structure
Wh-word + VS structure
Wh-word structure
Is it strong?
Where is she?
Who was there?
Directing
command
imperative clause
V structure (no S)
Be strong!
Informing
statement
declarative clause
SV structure
It's strong
Expressing
exclamation
exclamative clause
Wh-word + SV structure
How good she is!
Declarative clauses
have subject-verb structure
express statements
convey information
Interrogative clauses
Wh-questions
refers to a missing element
yes/no questions
expected to reply with a true value
alternative questions
answer presents alternative to choose
Exclamative Clauses
expressed by a range of structures, clausal or non-clausal
Imperative Clauses
urges the addressee to do/or not to do something
Non-clausal material
Dependent Clauses
Finite dependent clauses
Complement clauses/Nominal clauses
controlled by preceding verb, adjective, noun or preposition
similar syntactic roles to those of noun phrases (subject, predicative or object in main clauses)
introduced by: that - wh-word
can also be complements of nouns, adjectives or prepositions in phrases
Relative clauses
post modifier of noun phrases
introduced by
relativizers
(subject/object in the clause) - points back the head noun of a noun phrase
Comparative clauses
complements in adjective or adverb phrases
head: gradable word
for adjectives, determiners, pronouns and adverbs are required
basis of comparison
Peripheral clauses
Adverbial clauses
(Eastwood, 1994)
can go in front position (often followed by a comma) or end position.
conjunction + participle or a preposition + gerund
conjunctions such as
when, while, once, until, where,,,
Types
Clauses of time
with a conjunction
Non-Finite dependent clauses
don't have tense or modality
types
Supplement clauses
Infinitive clauses
subject (sr)
To have thought this
made him more hopeless
extraposed subject (sr)
subject predicative (sr)
direct object (sr)
object predicative (sr)
adverbial (sr)
noun complement (sr)
noun postmodifier (sr)
part of an adjective phrase
Ing- clauses
Verbless clauses