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06 SPAIN: THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XIII AND THE CRISIS OF THE RESTORATION,…
06 SPAIN: THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XIII AND THE CRISIS OF THE RESTORATION
THE REGENERATIONIST RESTORATION AND THE CRISIS OF 1917
the second phase of the Restoration
In 1902, Alfonso XIII came of age
politicians tried to reform the regime
regenerationism
aimed to encourage political, economic and cultural life in Spain to adapt to European ways of life
became stronger after the Disaster of 1898
Institutional regenerationism
Two governments
Antonio Maura’s conservative governments
passed an electoral law that made voting compulsory to try to prevent caciquismo
right to strike and to Sundays off work
Instituto Nacional de Previsión was founded to manage financial support to the unemployed and retired
José Canalejas’s liberal government
the tax on essential items was abolished
compulsory military service was introduced
ley del candado: controlling the establishment of new religious orders
The regime therefore eventually started to break down in 1917
The roots of the labour movement grew
National Confederation of Labour
trade union was founded
Communist Party of Spain
the PSOE split
the Spanish protectorate of Morocco
established in 1912
After several international conferences and defeats (Desastre del Barranco del Lobo)
Tragic Week
protest against troops being sent to Morocco
convents were attacked and burned
The army suppressed the rebellion, leaving hundreds dead and injured
THE CRISIS OF 1917
affected three main areas
Social crisis
The workers’ trade unions, the socialist UGT, and anarchist CNT called a general strike
aim
to end the political system of the Restoration
Social tensions were very high
Military crisis
Soldiers joined organisations called Juntas de Defensa Militar
demanded higher wages
soldiers became more prominent in political life
Political crisis
the government had suspended the Cortes and constitutional rights
Catalans, republicans and socialists gathered at a meeting, the Asamblea de Parlamentarios
tried to impose a political reform
THE PRIMO DE RIVERA DICTATORSHIP
In 1923, a dictatorship was established under General Primo de Rivera
an authoritarian response to the political demands of some segments of society
workers
intellectuals
political freedoms and rights were suspended
took power by launching a military coup d’état
He promised
to restore public order
end the war in Morocco
combat corruption
The king accepted
appointed him prime minister
suspended the Constitution, dissolved Parliament and banned political parties and trade unions
there were two types of government
The military directorate (1923–1925)
dictator was advised by the military
Primo de Rivera achieved military domination in the Moroccan protectorate
The civil directorate (1925–1930)
tried to institutionalise his authoritarian corporatist regime
bringing together workers and business owners
to prevent class conflict
Parliament was replaced by a National Consultative Assembly and a single party, the Patriotic Union
the dictatorship did not solve Spain’s economic, social and political problems
although it was quite popular amongst the wealthy upper and middle classes and the military
civil engineering projects and employment policies
accumulated huge debts, and economic problems
made worse by the crisis of 1929
Republican opposition
began to form in 1928
Left-wing parties, trade unions and intellectuals
Primo de Rivera began to lose support, even from the army and the king
was forced to resign in January 1930
Primo de Rivera’s resignation
the monarchy tried to restore the political regime of the Restoration
failed
Pact of San Sebastián
The republican, socialist and nationalist opposition unified its demands here
the Second Republic
Municipal elections were called in April 1931 after a failed military uprising
leading to the abdication of Alfonso XIII
SOCIETY AND THE ECONOMY
Spain continued with patterns of slow industrial and agricultural modernisation
The economic policy during Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship followed the Italian fascist model
state intervention
economic nationalism
The public works policy modernised infrastructures and created employment
weakness in the fiscal system
huge social inequalities
The middle class, experienced improvements as reforms were implemented
Garazi García Antruejo
