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The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system - Coggle…
The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system
pathway of air
Air breathed in through nose or mouth
Air passes through larynx
Air travels down the trachea
Air branches into two channels called bronchi
Air travels into small branches in the lungs
Air travels into small sacs called alveoli
Gaseous exchange takes place
Carbon dioxide travels from alveoli to bronchioles
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gaseous exchange
takes place in the alveoli
the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide moving between the lungs and blood
blood vessels
arteries
carry blood away from heart
Most arteries carry Oxygenated blood.
Thick muscular walls due to carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart quickly.
Under high pressure.
small lumen
thick walls (muscular)
veins
veins carry blood towards the heart
Veins carry Deoxygenated blood.
thins walls
large lumen
blood travels at a lower pressure.
have valves whichprevent the backflow of blood.
capillaries
Microscopic blood vessels.
1 cell thick
Connect veins and arteries.
Deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated here
Allow exchange of substances, ie. oxygen and carbon dioxide cross into the tissue cells (muscles).
Structure of the heart
https://www.google.com/url?q=https://saturninenotes.wordpress.com/2016/08/01/2-63-describe-the-structure-of-the-heart-and-how-it-functions/&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwjHwbHHwpz_AhXpUqQEHfA3AFAQqoUBegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw3MNYdbCipC3HX8ParmQO7C
the pathway of blood
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
gaseous exchange (change to oxygenated blood)
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
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cardiac cycle
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/the-cardiac-cycle/
Cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate
heart rate
Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm).
The heart rate usually increases before activity because of the expectation of exercise.
This is known as the anticipatory response/rise
This rise in HR is caused by the release of the hormone adrenaline
resting heart rate
the number of times the heart beats per minute when you are not exercising. (measured in bpm)
maximum heart rate
220 - Age
working heart rate
he number of times the heart beats per minute after a period of exercise. (measured in bpm)
recovery heart rate
the amount of time it takes for the heart to recover from working heart rate to resting heart rate (measured in minutes)
why does resting heart rate vary?
Body position ( sitting/ standing/lying down)
stress/anxeity
gender
level of fitness
BMI
age
stroke volume
The Stroke Volume is the volume of blood that leaves the heart (left Ventricle) during each contraction.
The stroke volume can be increased by the heart contracting with more force and pushing more blood out with each beat.
Stroke volume increases from approximately 1000 mL (2–2.5 mL/kg) at rest up to 1700 mL (3–4 mL/kg) or higher at maximal exercise.
cardiac output
Cardiac output is the volume of blood that the heart is able to pump out per minute.
Average resting CO = 5L
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
during exercise CO can increase up to 25L
mechanics of breathing
inhale
diaphragm flattens and move downwards (contract)
intercostal muscles move the rib cage upwards and out (contract)
chest expands
air pressure dereased
exhale
diaphragm relaxes and returns to its resting position
pressure increases
intercostal muscles relax and return to their resting positions.
spirometer trace
Spirometry is the most common lung function test. It measures how much and how quickly you can move air out of your lungs. You breathe into a mouthpiece attached to a machine called a SPIROMETER
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1LAGq6QJQKma5UcQup02OOLS-_V5RbiL4Ym85Utl-tW0/edit#slide=id.p14
terms
inspiratory reserve volume
is the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.
expiratory reserve volume
is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume.
tidal volume
amount of air that enters the lungs during normal inspiration at rest (average is 500ml).
residual volume
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.