Interviews typically follow a pre-defined question guide but allow flexibility to explore emerging topics during the conversation (Fontana & Frey, 2005).

Interviews seek to gather detailed and contextualized information about participants' experiences, perspectives, and meanings (Rubin & Rubin, 2012).

The interview process involves active interaction between the interviewer and interviewee, encouraging clarification, follow-up, and further exploration of discussed topics (Seidman, 2006).

Interviews generate data that requires qualitative analysis, where patterns, recurring themes, and underlying meanings are sought (Kvale, 2007).

The researcher reflects on their own role and biases, and may use multiple sources of data and complementary methods to validate and enrich findings (Hammersley & Atkinson, 2007).

Observations are meticulously documented, including descriptions of actions, interactions, body language, and other relevant aspects (Merriam, 2009).

The researcher seeks to minimize their influence on the environment and participants to obtain more genuine and natural data (Angrosino, 2007).

The researcher actively engages in the environment and becomes part of the situation being observed, allowing for a deeper understanding of the participants and the context (Denzin, 2017).

Surveys often aim to collect data from a relatively large number of participants to ensure statistical representativeness and enhance the reliability of findings (Fink, 2019).

Surveys involve a set of structured questions that are administered consistently to all participants, allowing for comparability and generalizability of results (Babbie, 2016).

Surveys rely on participants' self-reported responses, which can provide insights into attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and demographic information (Groves et al., 2009).

Survey data is typically analyzed using statistical methods to identify patterns, correlations, and relationships between variables (Dillman, Smyth, & Christian, 2014).

Can take place face to face or by video conferencing tools

Collect information from participants over time about their experience

The interviewee can’t provide false information such as gender, age, or race.

It happens in the natural setting of the participant

Allows for a detailed description of events, behaviors and intentions

They are used to ask respondents a set of questions, open- and closed-ended questions

Good conclusion drawing, organization and data collection skills.

Be aware of and able to adapt to external and internal factors that are part of the environment.

Organizational skills and design questions are absolutely necessary.

Provide confidence for people to complete the questionnaire conscientiously

Attracting people to complete the entire questionnaire

Ease of data collection an online survey with a hundred or more respondents can be conducted fast

Be able to meet the size required for the research to be valid.

Have the ability to draw conclusions to the number of answers for each question

Represents the timing and correct use of the elements that make up an interview.

It is important to gain the trust of the participants so that they give better answers and agree to the interview.

It is necessary to manage a good dialogue and communication skills.

Be able to identify the validity of the answers and be accurate in their analysis.

Online surveys are easily accessible and can be deployed via many online channels like web, mobile, email, etc

Easy to analyze and present with different data visualization types

A wide range of data types can be collected such as attitudes, opinions, values, etc.

The influence of the observer can alter the environment, which must be adapted to the sample.

Design questions based on the research topic and not on unnecessary ones.

According to Babbie (2016), a "survey" is defined as "a method of data collection involving structured and standardized questions to gather information from a representative sample of a target population" (p. 123).

According to Neuman (2014), "observation involves gathering data by watching and recording behavior, events, or other phenomena in their natural settings, without any attempt to manipulate or control them" (p. 98).

According to Rubin and Babbie (2016), "interviews involve direct, face-to-face contact with respondents and follow a predetermined set of questions or topics" (p. 204).