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Family Diversity - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ballard found South Asian families have a broader network of familial relations than a white British family.
    - - Middle class couples more likely to get married (48% more likely)
      - Those from manual social background are 8x more likely to become teenage mothers than those from managerial/professional backgrounds.
      - Underage conception rate is highest in NE England
        
        11 per 1000
      - Professional women have babies later than working class women
        
        Only 3% of births to women under 30s in higher managerial or professional classifications
  - - - Increase in ‘patchwork families’ adults have a series of partners
- - - - Fletcher The welfare state development supports the family throguh housing, education and health
      - Assumes social policy equally applies and helps everyone.
      - Assumes march of progress, dismissing those disadvantaged by social policy.
    - - The nuclear family is self-reliant so the state should not undermine this.
        
        Cut welfare benefits
        
        Marriage tax
        
        Child support agency.
      - Opposition to overly generous welfare benefits including council housing for unmarried teenage mothers (private incentives Murray)
        
        Diminish male responsibility as the state can take responsibility.
    - - Radical feminists do not believe policy is sufficient to override the deeply rooted patriarchy in society.
      - Generous maternity care emphasises women should be the primary care giver.
      - Triple Shift and dual burden.
- - - - 1970s
        Wilmott and Young Symmetrical Family and joint conjugal roles
        
        1990s
        Beck Negotiated Family
        Nuclear family undermined by gender equality and greater individualism.
        
        Giddens argued it had become more egalitarian due to contraception and women’s’ independence.
  - - - Only 1% of couples had men doing more domestic work than women.
      - Only a 50-50 split in 6% of couples.
    - - Developed by Duncombe and Marsden where emotional work is added to contribute tot he ‘triple shift’.
  - - - 43% of CSEW reported Domestic Abusecases go on to be officially recorded asa a crime.
- - - - It is getting more expensive to live (living costs, propoerty prices) with weddings having an average cost of £18,000.
    - - Liberal Feminists argue more than half the workforce is now Emile, so they do not have to get married to be financially stable
      - As most jobs in postmodern society are in the service sector, economic pwoer is shifting to women so is seen as a poor option for women in a female economy.
    - - The New Right argues the breakdown of wider social institutions and too broad acceptance of diversity leads to the inability to commit to each other.
    - - Postmodernists believe postmodern society is characterised by individual choice and freedom
      - Decline of tradition and religion (meta narratives) so there is less social stigma attached to cohabiting or remarrying after a divorce.
    - - People are less likely to get married because structural changes make life more uncertain
      - People see that nearly half of all marriages end in divorce so less willing to take the risk
      - Beck also speaks about individualisation where new norms of individual desires are more important than social commitments.
      - Giddens highlights the pure relationship which only lasts as long as both partners are happy, not because of tradition.
        
        This makes cohabitation and serial monogamy more likely than the long term commitment of marriage.
- - - - 1969 Divorce Act extended the grounds of divorce to ‘irretrievable breakdown’ whihc made divorce possible if only one partner wanted one
        
        Did not require grounds of austere or abandonment.
      - Divorce was increasing before the act.
      - Availability of contraception
    - - More people having to be in work as living costs increase puts a strain on marriage.
      - Divorce rates are higher amongst poorer families.s
    - - Goode argues conflict within the family has increased as they are more isolated from kin.
      - Dennis believes the family performs fewer functions thus the bonds between husband and wife are weaker (fewer common goals).
      - Allan and Crowe the family is no longer an economic unit, so it is easier for them to break up (exacerbated y economic independence of women).
    - - The New RIght argue that generous welfare payments allow women to divorce if they dem necessary as 9/10 cases the child will go with he mother,.
        
        This makes it harder for women to find full time work
      - Exemplified by a moral decline
    - - The role of women in society is changing as they are mcuh more likely to be in employment and less financially dependent on husbands.
      - 70% of women in paid work, compared with 50% in the 1950s.
      - Feminists argue that the advances of women are often exaggerated as women still earn less, and traditional gender roles remain.
    - - Religious and traditional values have declined in Britain (postmodernists rejection of meta narratives).
      - No longer a universal set of values forcing people to stay married with less social stigma to getting a divorce
      - Declining importance of social structure and the rise of consumer culture.
      - Giddens plastic sexuality means sex can be for pleasure rather than conceiving children- relationships are no longer permanent and sex (children) is not binding monogamy.
    - - Beck highlights individualisation where individuals have more opportunities (especially women) to take more decisions about every aspect fo their lives.
      - Increased conflict from increasing choice and uncertainty leads to chaotic relationships.
      - Burghes and Browne argue that often divorce is not a choice and is resultant of violence or immaturity.