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Behavioral models - operant conditioning - Coggle Diagram
Behavioral models - operant conditioning
Operant conditioning
Learning method based on
rewards and punishments
for behavior
Associations between
actions and consequences
Limatations
it overlooks genetic and cognitive influences on learning
Thorndike's law of effect
Behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes, are more likely to be repeated
Behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated
Skinners reinforcement principles
Neutral responses, reinforcers (positive or negative), and punishers
Positive reinforcement:
Something good happens after a behavior, increasing its likelihood of repetition
Negative reinforcement:
Something unpleasant is removed after a behavior, also increasing its likelihood of repetition
Punishment
: Unpleasant consequences that weaken a behavior
Problems with punishment
Temporary
suppression(onderdrukking) of behavior
Potential for aggression, fear, and spread of fear to other behaviors
Reinforcement is generally more effective in teaching desired behaviors
Schedule of reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement:
Behavior
rewarded every time
, slow response rate, fast extinction rate
The rat gets a food pellet, when it presses a lever
Fixed ratio reinforcement:
Behavior r
ewarded after a specific number of occurrences
, fast response rate, medium extinction rate
A child receives a star for every five words spelled correctly
Fixed interval reinforcement:
Behavior r
ewarded after a set amount of time,
moderate response rate, moderate extinction rate
Getting paid by the hour
Variable ratio reinforcement:
Behavior
rewarded after an unpredictable number of occurrences,
fast response rate, slow extinction rate
Gambling or fishing
Variable interval reinforcement
: Behavior
rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time
, fast response rate, slow extinction rate
Self-employed person being paid at random times
Secondary Reinforcement
:
A way to make certain behavior more likely to show up because it associated with something that is
rewarding or satisfying
, even if the reinforcement itself is not naturally rewarding
Changing a token for candy. Token is secondary reinforcement and candy primary reinforcement
Behavior modification techniques
Uses rewards and environmental changes to
shape behavior
Encourages
positive behaviors through rewards
and changes the environment to discourage negative behaviors
Token Economy
Desired behaviors are
reinforced with tokens
that can be exchanged for rewards
Effective in managing behavior
but can create dependency on tokens
Behavior shaping
Rewards and punishments to teach complex behaviors
Gradually rewarding
behaviors closer to the desired behavior over time
Educational applications
Feedback, compliments, encouragement to shape skills
Undesirable behaviors
eliminated by ignoring
them instead of reinforcing with attention
Variable-ratio schedules
effective for teaching new tasks
Unpredictability creates an element of anticipation and excitement, as the individual doesn't know exactly when they will receive reinforcement.