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Стилистика - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Язык поэзии (The language of poetry)
        
        Стих
        
        Ритм
        
        Слог
        
        Стопа
        
        Строка
        
        Строфа
        
        Рифма
      - Эмоциональная проза (Emotive prose)
        
        Монолог (речь писателя)
        
        Диалог (Речь персонажей)
      - Язык пьесы (Language of the drama)
    - - Стиль ораторской речи (oratory and speeches)
      - Эссе (the essay)
      - Язык журнальных статей
    - - Краткие сообщения (Brief News)
      - Коммюнике (communique)
      - Реклама (Advertisements)
      - Объявления (announcements)
    - - синтаксическая организация предложений и выбор лексики
      - отсутствие образности
      - терминологичность
      - образование неологизмов
    - - Язык деловых документов (The language of business documents )
      - Язык юридических документов (The language of legal documents)
      - Дипломатический язык (The language of diplomacy)
      - Язык военных документов (The language of military documents)
  - - - Модели организации звукового потока
        
        Версификация (versification)
        
        Инструментовка (instrumentation)
        
        Аллитерация (Alliteration)
        
        Например: Coca Cola, Dunkin’ Donuts,Polly Pocket
        
        Ассонанс (Assonance)
        
        Например: The cat is out of the bag, Dumb luck, After awhile, crocodile
        
        Звукоподражание или звукозапись (Onomatopoeia)
        
        Например: The buzzing bee flew away. The sack fell into the river with a splash.
        
        Эвфония (Euphony)
        
        Например: Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
        How I wonder what you are.
      - Фонема
      - Графико-фонетические средства
        
        Пунктуация
        
        Отсутствие фрагмента текста
        
        Фигурные стихи
        
        Транспозиция графической модели текста
        
        Вынесение слов в отдельную строку
        
        Нарушение орфографической нормы
        
        Использование прописных букв
    - - 1 подраздел. Основанный на взаимодействии разных видов значений.
        
        средства, основанные на взаимодействии словарных и контекстуальных значений
        
        Метафора (Metaphor)
        
        Лингвистические
        
        Например: foot of a bed, leg of a chair, head of a nail, mouth of a bottle
        
        Стилистические
        
        Стереотипные (напр. the ladder of fame)
        
        Например: the ladder of fame, a flight of imagination, to be in the same boat
        
        Индивидуальные (авторские)
        
        Например: the lips were light little traps, the virus carried a gun
        
        Метонимия (Metonymy)
        
        Лингвистическая
        
        Например: nickle – монетка из никеля, пятицентовик, a hand – рабочий, матрос, the House - палата
        
        Стилистическая
        
        Например: it was too late for the river – для пикника на берегу реки
        
        Ирония (Irony)
        
        Например: It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in the pocket.
        
        Слова, основанные на взаимодействии первичных и производных значений
        
        Зевгма (Zeugma)
        
        Например: He lost his hat and his temper
        
        Каламбур
        
        Например: – Why is it so wet in England?– Because many kings and queens have reigned (rained) there.
        
        Средства, основанные на противоположности логических и эмоциональных значений
        
        Междометия
        
        Например: ‘wow’, ‘ah’, ‘oops’, ‘ouch’
        
        Восклицательные слова и фразы
        
        Местоимения
        
        Наречия
        
        экспрессивно окрашивающие утверждения
        
        Эпитет (Epithet)
        
        Языковой
        
        Например: green wood, salt tears, true love
        
        Речевой
        
        Например: the smiling sun, the frowning cloud, the sleepless pillow
        
        Эпитет с инверсией
        
        Например: this devil of a woman instead of this devilish woman
        
        Оксюморон (Oxymoron)
        
        Например: ”low skyscraper”, “sweet sorrow”, “nice rascal”, “pleasantly ugly face”, “horribly beautiful”
        
        Слова, основанные на взаимодействии логических и номинальных значений
        
        Антономасия (Antonomasia)
        
        Языковая
        
        Например: uncle Sam – американец, Patric – ирландец, John Bull - американец
        
        Речевая
        
        Например: he would be a Napoleon of peace, or a Bismarck
      - 2 подраздел. Основывается на взаимодействии между двумя лексическими единицами, одновременно используемыми в контексте.
        
        Сравнение (Simile)
        
        Например: The water well was as dry as a bone.
        
        Перефраз (Paraphrase)
        
        Логические
        
        Например: the instruments of destruction
        
        Образные
        
        Например: the victory lord, ревность- green eyed monster
        
        Эфимизм (Euphemism)
        
        Например: I am thinking an unmentionable thing about your mother.
        
        Гипербола (Hyperbole)
        
        Языковая
        
        Например:haven't seen for ages, told you 40 times
        
        Речевая
        
        Например: writing desk was a size of a tennis court
        
        Миёзис (Myesis)
        
        Например: “I have certain little ideas of my own about this crime” (= I know for sure know who did it).
        
        Литота (Litotes)
        
        Например: “My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun.” (Shakespeare)
        
        Аллегория (Allegory)
        
        Например: The lion and the mouse;The tortoise and the hare
        
        Олицетворение (Personification)
        
        Например: Night had gone, taken her stars with her
      - 3 подраздел. Сравнивает устойчивые комбинации слов в их взаимодействии с контекстом
        
        Клише (Cliche)
        
        Например:At first/ The first/ First
        
        Пословицы (Proverbs)
        
        Например: Don’t judge a book by its cover.
        
        Поговорки (Sayings)
        
        Например: He laughs best who laughs last.
        
        Синтенции
        
        Например: to be or not to be — that is the question; he jests at scars that never felt a wound
        
        Цитаты (Quotes)
        
        Например: Little Paul might have asked with Hamlet "into my grave?" so chill and earthly was the place.
        
        Аллюзии (Allusions)
        
        Например: Victoria was always proud to adopt the Micawber-like attitude that something would turn up
    - - Синтаксические выразительные средства, основанные на изменении порядка следования компонентов исходной модели
        
        Инверсия (Inversion)
        
        Объект помещается в начале предложения
        
        Например: Talent Mr. Micawber has; capital Mr. Micawber has not (Dickens.)
        
        Атрибут помещается после слова, которое он изменяет
        
        Например: with fingers weary and worn
        
        Предикатив ставится перед подлежащим или сказуемое стоит перед связующим глаголом, и оба они ставятся перед подлежащим
        
        Например: A good generous prayer it was (Twain)
        
        Например: Rude am I in my speech.
        
        Модификатор деепричастия ставится в начале предложения
        
        Например: Eagerly I wished the morrow. (Poe)
        
        И модификатор, и сказуемое стоят перед подлежащим
        
        Например: In went Mr. Pickwick. (Dickens.)
        
        Дистантность
        
        Разрыв компонентов синтаксической структуры при прямом порядке их следования
        
        Например:There was a world of anticipation in her voice, and of confidence too, as she walked past me onto the terrace.. (D. du Maurier)
        
        Разрыв компонентов синтаксической структуры при обратном порядке их следования
        
        Например: Of the presentiments which some people are always having, some surely must come true. (W. Thackerey)
        
        Обособление (detached construction)
        
        Например: There was a little girl in Alaska, her name appealed to me, Hearher Falls. (T. Capote)
        
        Апокойноу (apo koinu construction)
        
        Например: "There was a door led into the kitchen." (Sh. Anderson) "He was the man killed that deer." (R.P. Warren)
      - Стилистические приемы синтаксиса
        
        Параллелизм (Parallel Constructions)
        
        Полный
        
        Например: “The seeds ye sow – another reaps,The robes ye weave – another wears,The arms ye forge – another bears.”
        
        Частичный
        
        Например: “It is the mob that labour in your fields and serve in your houses – that man your navy and recruit your army, - that have enabled you to defy all the world, and can also defy you when neglect and calamity have driven them to despair.” (Byron)
        
        Хиазм (Chiasmus)
        
        Например: “ Down dropped the breeze, the sails dropped down ”(Coleridge)
        
        Анафора (anaphora)
        
        Например: What the hammer? What the chain?
        
        Эпифора (epiphora)
        
        Например: “I am exactly the man to be placed in a superior position in such a case as that. I am above the rest of mankind, in such a case as that. I can act with pholosophy in such a case as that.” (Dickens)
      - Композиционные структуры синтаксической организации текста
        
        Повторы (repetition)
        
        Простой контактный
        
        Например: The city had laid miles and miles of streets and sewers through the region.
        
        Расширенный
        
        Например: I don't think Art heard. Pain, even slight pain, tends to isolate. Pain, such as he had to suffer, cuts the last links with society (S. Chaplin)
        
        Обрамление/кольцевой повтор
        
        Например: Nothing ever happened in that little town, left behind by the advance of civilization, nothing (S. Maugham).
        
        Повтор-подхват
        
        Например: Poirot was shaken; shaken and embittered (A. Christie)
        
        Цепной повтор
        
        Например: A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick face. Smile extended into laugh, the laugh into roar, and the roar became general (Ch. Dickens).
        
        Перечисления (enumeration)
        
        Например: Door-knobs, keyholes, fireirons, window catches were polished; metal which I had no idea existed flashed with life (V. Pritchett)
        
        Cаспенс (suspense)
        
        Например: "Mankind, says a Chinese manuscript, which my friend M. was obliging enough to read and explain to me, for the first seventy thousand ages ate their meat raw." (Charles Lamb)
        
        Кульминация (climax (gradation)
        
        Логическая
        
        Например: “And you went down the old steep way…insane pride, lies, robbery, murder… .”
        
        Эмоциональная
        
        Например: “ He was pleased when the child began to adventure across floors on hand and knees; he was gratified, when she managed the trick of balancing herself on two legs; he was delighted when she first said ‘ta-ta’; and he was rejoiced when she recognized him and smiled at him.” (Alan Paton)
        
        Количественная
        
        Например: “They looked at hundreds of houses; they climbed thousands of stairs; they inspected innumerable kitchens.” (Maugham)
        
        Антитеза (antithesis)
        
        Например: “A saint abroad, and a devil at home.” (Bunyan)
      - Способы связи внутри высказывания
        
        Асиндетон (Asindeton)
        
        Например: "Soames turned away; he had an utter disinclination for talk, like one standing before an open grave, watching a coffin slowly lowered." (Galsworthy)
        
        Полисиндетон (Polysyndeton)
        
        Например: “It (the tent) is soaked and heavy, and it flogs about, and tumbles down on you, and clings round your head, and makes you mad” (Jerome)
        
        Послепредложение (gap-sentence link)
        
        Например: "She says nothing, but it is clear that she is harping on this engagement, and - goodness knows what." (Galsworthy)
      - Особое использование разговорных конструкций
        
        Эллипсис (Ellipsis)
        
        Например: Then came rows of houses with little vane surmounted masts upbearing themselves from among the scarlet beams. Then ditches. Then pollard willows. Then more ditches (…) (Ch. Dickens).
        
        Умолчание (break-in-the narrative (aposiopesis)
        
        Например: «I do apologise, Madam, I feel so […] I would not have troubled […]» (S. Hill).
        
        Повествовательный вопрос (question-in-the-narrative)
        
        Например: Scrooge knew he was dead? Of course he did
        
        Несобственно-прямая речь (represented speech
        
        Например: "Could he bring a reference from where he now was? He could." (Dreiser)
      - Стилистическое использование структурного значения
        
        Риторический вопрос (The Rhetorical Question)
        
        сложноподчиненное предложение с придаточным предложением
        
        Например: “Is there not blood enough upon your penal code, that more must be poured forth to ascend to Heaven and testify against you?” (Byron)
        
        простое предложение с отрицанием (явным или скрытым
        
        Например: “Have I not suffered things to be forgiven?” (Byron)
        
        Литота (Litotes)
        
        Например: “Soames, with his lips and his squared chin was not unlike a bull dog.” (Galsworthy)
- - - - Поэтизмы (Poeticism)
        
        Например:billow (wave), swain (peasant), main (sea)
      - Архаизмы (Archaisms)
        
        Устаревшие слова
        
        Например: gorget, mace, thane, yeoman, goblet, baldric
        
        Архаические формы существующих слов
        
        Например: whilome — formerly, swain — peasant, methinks — it seems to me
      - Варваризмы (Barbarisms)
        
        Например: chagrin (vexation); chic (stylish)
      - Книжные слова
        
        Например: with regard, by virtue of, to lose an opportunity
      - Стилистические неологизмы (Stylistic neologisms)
        
        Например: "Watching for a moment of weakness she wrenched it free; then placing the dining table between them, said between her teeth: 'You are the limit, Monty'. (Undoubtedly the inception of this phrase — so is English formed under the stress of circumstance).
      - Сленгизмы (Slangisms)
        
        Например: big-boy — в значении крупнокалиберная пушка; knitting needle — в значении сабля (из военной лексики)
      - Коллоквиализмы (Colloquialisms)
        
        Например: aggro-aggravation; combo-combination; I don’t, he’s done it
      - Жаргонизмы (Jargonisms)
        
        Например: Mrs. Gilby: What's a squiffer?
        Dora: Oh, of course: excuse my vulgarity: a concertina.
      - Диалектизмы (Dialectisms)
        
        Например: Mrs. Burlacombe: Zurely! I give 'im a nummit afore 'e gets up; an' 'e 'as 'is brekjus reg'lar at nine. Must feed un up. He'm on 'is feet all day, goin' to zee folk that widden want to zee an angel, they'm that buzy; an' when 'e comes in 'e'll play 'is flute there. He'm wastin' away for want of 'is wife. That's what 'tis. An' 'im so sweet-spoken, tu, 'tes a pleasure to year 'im — Never says a word!
      - Профессионализмы (Professionalisms)
        
        Например: tin fish (букв. жестяная рыба) — подводная лодка; tin-hat (букв. жестяная шляпа) — стальной шлем
      - Вульгаризмы (Vulgarisms)
        
        Например: it ain't like as if I was a blackfellow or a kanaka; или Bad luck your crockin' up like this, I says, very affable like. (S. Maugham)
      - Иностранные слова
        
        Например: retrograde, spurious, strenuous, conscious
    - - Стилистически нейтральные слова
        
        Например: child, father, go away, continue, begin
      - Термины (Terms)
        
        Например: onomastics, argot, toponym, phonology
      - Номенклатурные слова
        
        Например: pectoral muscle, collarbone,
        actinolite
      - Историзмы (Historisms)
        
        Например: goblet, mace, yeoman
      - Лексические неологизмы (Lexical neologisms)
        
        Например: reactor, biocide,boffin
      - Экзотизмы (Exoticism)
        
        Например: bistro, dolmas, prahu