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07 THE SECOND SPANISH REPUBLIC - Coggle Diagram
07 THE SECOND SPANISH REPUBLIC
1 PROCLAMATION AND CONSTITUTION
Second Spanish republic was declared on 14 April 1931
reforms of provisional republican government
at the Pact of San Sebastián
improvements in
working conditions
the hiring of day labourers
freedom of worship
secularisation measures
the clergy distrusted the Republic
some republicans were strongly anticlerical
it harmed the Catholic Church
statute of autonomy in Cataluña
modernisation of the army
total submission to civil power
Elections to Cortes Constituyentes were called
Constitution of 1931
Social rule of law
‘Republic of workers from all classes’
Universal suffrage starting from the age of 23
women’s right to vote was recognised
it was exercised for the first time in the elections of November 1933
Extensive declaration of rights and freedoms.
Civil rights were recognised
divorce
civil marriage
equal rights for legitimate and illegitimate children
right to free and secular public education
Division of powers
Legislative power
in hands of single-chamber Cortes
The executive
representative head of state or president of the Republic
head of government with genuine powers
the law courts were in charge of judicial power
Right of the regions to establish statutes of autonomy
the first time in Spain’s history
Separation between the Church and the state
The Cortes selected
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora as the first president of the new Republic
Manuel Azaña as prime minister
2 THE REFORMIST BIENNIUM (1931–1933)
coalition government
republicans
socialists
under Prime Minister Manuel Azaña
most stable government of the Second Republic
undertook the main reforms set out in the Constitution
reforms
The Statute of Autonomy of Cataluña
approved by the Cortes in 1932
the Generalitat
in other places
País Vasco and Galicia
Procedures to approve statutes
not finalised
Aragon
Andalucia
Valencia
Islas Baleares
Army
police force to maintain public order
Guardia de Asalto
Active military officers had to swear allegiance to the Republic
Agricultural reform
Land was redistributed
provide day labourers and poor peasants with land
Education
one of the Republic’s priorities
to improve
the cultural level
opportunities
of the lower classes
to modernise the country
10,000 primary schools were built
teacher training and salaries were improved
Religion
secular society
separation between Church and state
civil marriage and divorce were approved
public funding of worship and the clergy ended
the Jesuits were expelled
Social reforms
intensive social legislation to improve
working conditions
wages
social security
workers’ retirement insurance
insurance against accidents at work was established
right to strike was guaranteed
dismissal conditions were regulated
workers’ right to paid holidays was approved
MANUEL AZAÑA (1880–1940)
one of the most important Spanish politicians of the Second Republic
superb orator
he served as prime minister in two periods
1931-1933
1936–1939
VICTORY OF THE POPULAR FRONT (1936)
elections were called in February 1936
The conservatives tried to form a coalition
National Front
CEDA, monarchists and other parties were not totally united at the election
the left
abandoned the failed revolutionary strategy of 1934
dealt with the lack of unity seen in the 1933 elections
all factions tried to reach an agreement to achieve consensus
alliance between republicans and socialists
Popular Front
republican parties from the left
peripheral nationalists
socialists
communist
the Popular Front won the elections
Manuel Azaña was appointed president of the Republic
Amnesty for political prisoners
those imprisoned during the strikes in 1934
Reintroduction of the Agricultural Reform of 1932
Restoration of Catalan autonomy
Strengthening the educational, social and religious reforms
Disorder and violence spread throughout much of Spain
The most extremist sectors of anarchism
occupied land
set fire to religious buildings
members of the Falange carried out terrorist attacks
assaults on Basque and Catalan workers’ and nationalist organisations
Some members of the military and far-right organisations
opposed to the Popular Front
organized a coup d’état
3 THE BLACK BIENNIUM (1933–1936)
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights (CEDA) in 1933
founded by the conservatives against Azaña's reforms
Catholic groups with the fascist model
the anarchists’ demands did not cease
those who believe that the state should NOT have all the power
It culminated in the Casas Viejas Incidents
discredited the government
Azaña’s resignation
New elections were called in 1933
right-wing parties won
The Radical Party led by Alejandro Lerroux took power
CEDA received most votes
José María Gil Robles' (leader) main objective
stop or reverse the reforms undertaken during the reformist biennium
José Antonio Primo de Rivera
founded the Falange Española
minority fascist party
a violent campaign of aggression against workers’ organisations
Counter-reformist policies and fear of fascism
led to trade unions and socialists to start October Revolution of 1934
they took towns and mining areas in Asturias
Catalan nationalists took advantage of the general strike
to establish an autonomous federal government
The army brutally repressed the revolutionaries
Asturias was suppressed
Cataluña lost its autonomy
the statutes in place were blocked
brutal suppression of an anarchist uprising in the village of Casas Viejas (Cádiz)
indiscriminate massacre
