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RISK FACTORS - FAMILY INFLUENCES AND PEER - Coggle Diagram
RISK FACTORS - FAMILY INFLUENCES AND PEER
Family influences - SLT
vicarious reinforcement increases the likelihood of the observer imitating the behaviour
social learning: the learning of behaviour by observation of role models in the environment
expectancies
there are the associations we make from observing the environment around us
if positive expectancies are formed, then this can increase the likelihood of trying a substance or behaviour and influence the chances of becoming addicted
negative expectancies eg. if we see our older brother throwing up from to much alcohol we may learn that drinking a lot will cause us sickness
from of schema, they develop through experience and govern our expectations in a given situation
parenting style
authoritative parents combine parental warmth with appropriate parental control
set high standards, show respect for children as independent, rational beings
certain parenting styles have linked to the likelihood of addiction particularly the authoritative parent is linked to a decreased likelihood of addiction
this helps children develop resilience to addictive behaviours
sibling influences
older sibling serves as role models for the younger sibling
modelling normalises substance use, younger siblings would gravitate towards peers who resemble and validate their older siblings' behaviour
explained as a product of modelling in the sibling relationship
cause and effect
not possible to isolate family influences to study their effect on the development of addictive behaviour
the relative influence of family against all other potential influences is very difficult to gauge
peer pressure
social identity theory explains why individuals are likely to be influenced by peer pressure
part of an individuals self concept is formed as a result of the groups of which they are part of
peer influence can be the result of indirect or direct encouragement to engage in potentially risky and addictive behaviours
self esteem becomes linked to group membership, essential to be accepted
makes individuals more likely to adopt behaviours that are the norm of the group eg smoking
social networks
the ideas that social networks often consist of induvials with similar habits
eg. smokers tend to be friends with smokers
cause and effect
research is mainly correlational
difficult to establish causality in relation to the influence of peers
it is possible that choice of peer group is influenced by addiction
age
peer influences increases during adolescence and so substance use in young adults is more likely to be influenced by peers than parents
difficult to gauge the exact contribution of family and peers to development of addiction
influence of peers is likely to change with age