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History of Mental Health, References: Allsopp, K., Read, J., Corcoran, R…

- - - - It was previously believed that mental illness was the result of supernatural phenomena. To "treat" this, a hole or trephine was chipped into the skull to release the spirits (Foerchner, 2010).
      - Alternative treatments included exorcisms, prayers, chants, amulets and other mystical treatments (Foerchner, 2010).
      - Care of the mentally ill was generally left to their own families (Foerchner, 2010).
    - - More opened around the world and were notorious for being cruel and abusive (Foerchner, 2010).
      - Asylums were more punitive than treatment based (Foerchner, 2010).
    - - Sub par conditions persisted in asylums but there were improvements (Foerchner, 2010).
      - Significant advances did not arise until Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis in the late 1800s to early 1900s (Foerchner, 2010).
      - Treatments were still quite invasive. Electroconvulsive therapy was done without sedation. Furthermore, when it didn't work patients were often subjected to psychosurgeries including lobotomies (Foerchner, 2010).
    - - Most successful intervention to date.
- - - - The words madess and disease have their own connotations. This can affect how patients are treated (Gomory, Cohen, & Kirk, 2013).
    - - Theory of Psychelementarity (TOP)
        
        The psyche plays an important role and cannot be reduced to physical processes (Beauregard, 2014).
    - - Barely superior to placebo in trials (Moncrieff, 2018)
      - No evidence that they work to correct any sort of chemical imbalance. (Moncrieff, 2018)
      - Patients should be properly informed used real evidence rather than suspected theories (Moncrieff, 2018).
- - - - Only 40% of people living on indigenous reserves and 42% of indigenous people living off reserve reported having "excellent" health (Bombay, Matheson, & Anisman, 2009)
      - A survey of predominately off-reserve First Nations from across Canada also found depressive symptoms to be considerably higher in comparison to those in non-Aboriginal community based studies (Bombay, Matheson & Anisman, 2009).
  - - - Who or what might the voices represent?
        
        Characteristics of significant individuals in the life of the person hearing the voices (Longden et al., 2011).
        
        Aspects of the person hearing voices themselves. Often specific, intolerable emotions (Longden et al., 2011).
      - What problems may the voices represent?
        
        Generally problems, situations and events that were so overwhelming that they exceeded the persons ability to cope (Longden et al., 2011).
- - - - Individual experiences can only be grasped through an understanding of the context in which a person lives and through which that particular experience has significance (Bracken, 2014).
  - - - Mental health has often been neglected, insufficient, or ineffective (UN, 2017).
      - Mental health should be handled as a crisis of social obstacles that hinders individual rights (UN, 2017).
      - Urgent need for a shift in approach (UN, 2017).
    - - The imbalance of the biomedical approach in mental health services must be addressed (UN, 2017).
        
        Inclusive and meaningful participatory frameworks should be established (UN, 2017).
        
        Independent, qualitative and participatory social science research should be promoted and research platforms, exploring alternative service models that are non-coercive should be utilized (UN, 2017).
        
        States should partner with academic institutions to address the knowledge gap in rights-based and evidence-based mental health within medical education (UN, 2017).
      - It should be ensured that social and underlying determinants for the promotion of mental health for all are addressed (UN, 2017).
      - It should be ensured that health-care services guarantee the right to mental health for all (UN, 2017).