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HAP chp 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ant.pit. : produce 7 hormones
        
        Tropic hormones: target other endocrine glands to secrete hormones
        
        Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)
        
        ACTH, ant pit, releasing hormones, adrenal cortex, stimulate release of glucocorticoids that are anti-inflammatory
        
        adrenal glands are triangular tissues sitting on top of each kidney, have 2 distinct regions-adrenal cortex(outer region composed of glandular tissue) and adrenal medulla(inner region composed of nervous tissue)
        
        Aldosterone, adrenal cortex, Angiotensin II(ATII), kidneys, increase Na+ reabsorption from distal tubules of nephron>increase blood volume>increase blood pressure
        
        1 more item...
        
        Cortisol(glucocorticoids), adrenal cortex, ACTH from ant. pit., most tissues(liver, fat, muscle), increase fat and protein breakdown, increase gluconeogenesis(amino acid synthesise into glucose)>increase blood glucose>decrease inflammation and suppress immune function
        
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        androgen, adrenal cortex, ACTH and others, most tissues, increase female sexual drive, growth of pubic and armpit hair(insignificant in males)
        
        epinephrine and norepinephrine(flight or fight hormones), adrenal medulla, sympathetic nervous system, heart/blood vessels/liver/adipose tissue, increase heart rate, blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart, glycogen and fat breakdown>>prep body for physical activity
        
        Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)
        
        FSH, ant pit, GnRH, follicles in overies/seminiferous tubukes in testes, follicle maturation/sperm cell production(spermatogenesis)
        
        Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)
        
        TSH, ant pit, releasing hormone, thyroid gland, stimulate release of thyroid hormones
        
        Luteinizing hormone(LH)
        
        LH, ant pit, GnRH, ovaries and testes, promote ovulation and testosterone synthesis and secretion
        
        non-tropic hormone: directly stimulate target cells to produce effects
        
        Prolactin
        
        prolactin, ant pit, hypothalamic prolactin-releasing hormone, mammary glands, milk production/development of mammary glands
        
        Growth hormone(GH)
        
        GH, ant pit,releasing hormones from hypothalamus, bones, muscles and other tissues, protein synthesis/fat breakdown/growth of bones and muscles
        
        Melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH)
      - pos. pit: made of nervous tissue(hormones released upon nervous stimulation from hypothalamus), store 2 hormones-ADH and oxytocin
- - - - opposite of calcitonin effect, occurs when there is low Ca= blood conc.(humoral), bones, increase rate of bone breakdown/increase formation of mature vit D/increase reabsorption of Ca+ from distal tubule
- - - - water-soluble hormones(mostly amino acid hormones) will diffuse from blood to receptor on membrane of the target cell
      - lipid-soluble hormones(steroid hormones, thyroid hormones) will diffuse from blood into the receptor in the cell
- - - - insulin, beta cells of pancreas, high blood glucose/parasympathetic NS, almost every tissue, increase cellular uptake of glucose and glucose oxidation for ATP, store excess glucose as glycogen and/or fat>decrease blood glucose conc.
        
        insulin imbalance:diabetes mellitus>cells unable to take up and metabolise glucose>high BP(hyperglycemia)>damage to retina and kidneys
        
        type 1>insulin hyposecretion>cells dont produce enuf insulin
        
        type 2>sufficient insulin produced but insulin receptor in cells not working so cells do not respond to insulin
        
        leads to excess glucose excreted in urine, increased urine volume>dehydration and thirst
        
        break down fats and proteins to provide energy source>loss of body tissue and muscle(ketosis and acidosis
      - glucagon, alpha cells of pancreas, low blood glucose/sympathetic NS, liver and muscle cells, increase glucoeogenesis, glycogen breakdown and fat breakdown>increase in blood glucose conc.