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Migration case studies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Low skilled emmigration to the US has droped.
      - Highly skilled emmigration to Europe and the US has increased.
      - Emmigration has increased to 1.77 million by 2013.
    - - Increase in immigration from Haiti and African states.
      - Increase in low skilled immigration increased as migrant workers moved to build staduims for the 2014 world cup and 2016 Olympics.
      - Many Europeans and Japenese moved to Brazil in the 18th and 19th centuries.
        
        Attracted by jobs in the agricultural sector.
      - Political crises in Angola and Lebonan (there are around 7 million people of Lebanonse descent in Brazil) led to refugees moving the country.
  - - - Portugal and Brazil have long standing connections due to Brazil being a former colony.
      - The Portuguese government offers special visas for Brazallian citizens providing a route for Brazaillian citizens into the EU.
      - Migrant remittences have provided a key source of finance for migrant families.
    - - Migrant workers in the US send large amounts of remittences back home. Many other migrant workers return with improved skills.
      - USAID have played an important role in supporting Brazil's indigenous and heping protect the rainforests.
      - There are bilateral agreements between Brazil and the US in regards to trade, agriculture, finance, education and defence.
    - - Brazil has developed political, economic and humanitarian relationship with Haiti.
      - After the 2010 earthquake immigration from Haiti increased to 11,000.
      - Many Haitian migrants look to renuite with friends and family in South East Brazil to work inindustry and agriculture.
  - - - Immigration has helped stimulate the growth of agriculture and manufacturing sectors.
      - Highly skilled migrants are helping develop new businesses.
      - Migrant remittences sent back to Brazil are worth 0.1% of GDP.
    - - Migration has helped Brazil build international agreements such as MERCOSUR.
      - Migration among South Americans states have helped build political unity.
      - Populaist and anti-migrant sentiments have grown in Brazil and reached a boiling point with the election of Jair Bollosanaro.
    - - There are massive levels in inequality between different ethnic groups within Brazil including those from migrant populations such as Brazallians of African descent.
      - Massive spacial inequality betwen wealthy areas and the favellas.
      - Lots of employement discrimination towards black and indigenous populations.
- - - - Prevelence of subistence famring in Laos mean people look for new jobs abroad.
      - Poor educatation in Laos means that many Laotians are low sklled opening up low skilled jobs in Thailand.
      - Droughts can lead to food insecturity within the country.
      - Enables people to send home remittences.
        
        Thailand has a legal 300 bhat minimum wage, Laos deosn't and the average wage is 80 baht.
  - - - This includes working with UNICEF and UN Women.
      - The government has developed the 'National Plan of Action for Human Trafficking' which focuses on three areas.
        
        Prevention -- this includes policies such as education, child protection and work to reduce poverty to prevent people from being exploited.
        
        Protection -- this is aimed at supporting victems through reintergration, shelter and counsuling.
        
        Prosecution -- this is punishing those trafficking people with policies such as investigating crimes, imporving border security and improving the legal framework.
  - - - Family links.
      - Free movement within ASEAN.
  - - - Laos-Thai migration has suported economic and political development. P & E
      - Migration has helped the starting of 400 joint Vietnam-Laos investment projects. E
      - Remittences are a huge source of income (they are account for 2% of the countries GDP). E
      - Supported politicatal and economic stability with ASEAN. P & E
    - - Most economic migrants are low skilled, under 18 and illegal migrants making them vulnerable to exploitation. S
      - Skilled workers are moving to Thailand for better pay, this could create a positive feedback loop where skilled workers leave, slowing the economy, which makes moving more attractive. E
      - The largest industry in Laos is the garment industry (around 4% of national exports), but they are struggling to retain workers who are leaving for better pay and conditions in Thailand. E
- - - - 28% are Mexican.
      - 5% Indian.
      - 5% Chinese.
    - - Positive immigration polices.
      - Increased emploment opportunities.
      - Increased wages.
      - Education.
      - Family reunification.
  - - - NAFTA has also simulated FDI in the Mexican economy.
  - - - Immigrants take low paid jobs that American's don't want to do (25% of Mexican immigrants work in secondary sector jobs).
      - US immigration policy is working to encrouge the immigration og high skilled workers (over 70% of Indian migrants in the US are working in science or business). E
      - Most immigrants are of young, working age. This helps counter stage 5 of the DTM where the working population declines and birth rates fall. E & P
      - Immigrants are economically active through spending money and starting businesses. E
    - - There are around 11.5 million illegal immigrants in the US and this has created political issues and led to the election of Donal Trump. P
      - Certian migrant populations have not intergrated furthing soical and political tensions. P & S
      - Large migrant populations can place a strain on services such as the Southern California Water Supply that is already stuggling. S