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DUALISM [ARGUMENTS FOR EXISTENCE OF SOUL] - Coggle Diagram
DUALISM [ARGUMENTS FOR EXISTENCE OF SOUL]
PLATO
Only composite things (things made up of parts) can be destroyed or naturally disintegrate
While the bodies are composite, souls are non-material and simple(without parts) and therefore cannot be destroyed
once created a soul is permanent and cannot die
The soul finds the body a trap and when the person dies, the soul gains knowledge by entering the world of forms
once it has finished in the world of forms, the soul is reborn into another body and the cycle continues
we come back into our next life as something better or worse depending on how we were in our previous life
CRITICISMS
There is no good evidence to support the metaphysical world of the forms
STRENGTHS
His thinking its in with ideas in the New Testament about the should true home being elsewhere
"go forth upon your journey from this world, o christian soul
his idea fits in with the feeling of looking at a corpse that something has left
Plato's chariot analogy shows the sold is divided into 3 parts:
THE RATIONAL PART: immortal, searches for the truth, keeps other 2 aspects under control
THE SPIRITED PART(thumos) :emotions & character traits
THE APPETITIVE PART: this part dies with the body, concerned with basic human drives for sex, food & drink
the charioteer (reason) keeps in check the horses (spirit & desire)
Platos dualis approach is cicidli depicted in his allegory of the cave
there are 2 worlds:
the world of appearances (in which we live)
the world of forms (this Is the real world, eternal, perfect and changeless
Tend to believe in life after death
there are 2 different types of existence: mental & physical
DESCARTES SUBSTANCE DUALISM
Matter is 'RES EXTENSA' (extended substance
The mind id 'RES COGNITA' (mental substance
1) THE ARGUMENT
FROM DOUBT
He supposes there might be a malicious demon who is powerful enough to make him doubt the existence if the workdoutside him, and the existence of others
he says theres one thing the demon cannot deceive us about- the fact we exist as a thing
COGITO ERGO SUM (I think therefore I am)
2) THE ARGUMENT
FROM DIVISIBILITY &
NON-DIVISIBILITY
The essential property of a physical substance is extension
anything that is extended in space can be divided
the mind however isnt divisible as its non-extended
it is not located in spac/has no spatial coordinates
therefore minds are radically different from bodies
3) ARGUMENT FROM CLEAR & DISTINCT PERCEPTION
Whatever I clearly and distinctly perceive as 2 different things can be creates by god as 2 different things
I have a clear & distinct infra of myself as a non-extended thinking thing
I have a cleat and distinct view of my body as an extended non-thinking thing
so I and my body can exist apart from each other
therefore am distinct from my body
STRENGTHS
His thinking its in with ideas in the New Testament about the should true home being elsewhere
"go forth upon your journey from this world, o christian soul
WEAKNESSES
Hume challenged the argument:
the claim that consciousness comes from a non-material subject is in fact a circular argument
thought may have a material explanation: this is also the most common view of mind in modern thinking
since souls arent locates in space, how do we know theres only 1 soul?
if consciousness is a product of the brain, its simply a physical process because the brain is part of the body
desecrated talks about the mind and brain as if theyre 2 distinct things
howver modern neuroscience shows a clear relationship between them
BODY:
has extension in space
is locates in space
has party that corrupt and decay
cannot survive death
so is mortal
SOUL:
isnt extended in space
isnt located in space
has no parts that corrupt or decay
not susceptible to death
so is immortal