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49 - The BE in the 18 & 19C. Kipling & Conrad, CONRAD. Born…

- - - - Settlement Colonies
        
        Where immigrants from Britain settled. Low native population who were displaced/used as labour. Eg - America/Australia/NZ
      - Conquest colonies
        
        Established rule over native pop. Could be direct (govt there, eg India after rebellion of 1857) or indirect (ruled from afar through local govt. Eg - many African colonies. This was cheaper & easier, however it often resulted in ethnic tensions as leaders 'chosen' were unsuitable.) Described as "decentralised despotism" by academic Mahmood Mamdani
  - - - English colonies were established by private agencies with a royal license. 3 ways:
        
        1) Patent - granted to a company/individual - authorized them to search for 'new' lands & have monopoly of trade. Called a proprietary colony. Crown took 1/5 profits. EG - EIC (est. 1600) Virginia Company (1606) Massachusetts Bay Company (1629)
        
        2) Charter Colonies. Charter was an agreement between King & company. Had higher level of autonomy, controlled land distribution etc. Not many of this type - some of the 13 colonies in US eg Rhode Island. Set the precedent of Brit not interfering with colonies in US
        
        3) Royal Colonies. Most imp - under direct control of monarch. Usually appointed a royal governor. V common type. Eg Jamaica.
    - - Over Fr expansion in US. Showed how far Brit was willing to go to protect colonies. Brit victorious, emerged as the world's leading colonia power. Under Treaty of Paris (1763) vastly expanded territory - all of French N America - Louisiana, Canada etc. Fr very bitter about defeat. Major reason why they supported US in Ind War a decade later
    - - No taxation without representation! 1776 US colonies declared independence. 1781 - recognized by Brit. Formally over in 1783.
    - - CONC 1.3-After 1783 BE included: colonies in Canada/US/West Indies/NZ, trading posts in India, naval bases in Med-Gibralter + Minorca. BUT loss of 13 colonies represented end of '1st BE'
- - - - Atlantic Slave Trade (started under Eliz. I in 1562) - crucial to understanding empire. Britain transported 3.1m Africans to British Colonies & others. Most dominant country between 1640 and 1807
- - - - Dreadful impact in India: in 40 yrs between 1880 & 1920 (peak of Br power in India) it is estimated that Br colonialism killed 100m Indians. Extreme poverty ↑ & real wages ↓. Life expectancy ↓.
        
        Before colonialism India had been a large industrial producer - this was destroyed. Regime eliminated tariffs & flooded market with Brit goods BUT imposed so many taxes & internal duties that Indians could not sell cloth within their own country (let alone export it). They taxed Indians & used money to 'buy' goods to export. Drained India of goods. Forced them to export food even during famine.
    - - Brit illegally introduced opium to China. China attempted to stop production but was defeated in the Opium Wars. Brit victorious & position was strengthened - they could est. trading ports such as Hong Kong/Shanghai
  - - - 1889 - est of Commonwealth of Nations. 1907 - those colonies with resp govt were given status of Dominion (to differentiate). The Dominions made significant contributions in WW1. Pressed for clearer definition of status after (Canada, S Africa, Ireland).
        
        1926 Imperial Conference. dominions considered equal in status to Brit, united by common allegiance to crown. Qs unanswered - could have multiple foreign policies? Some at war, others in peace? Answered in WW2 - eg Canada & S Afr made separate, later declarations of war.
        
        1948 British Nationality Act - gave everyone in colonies Brit. citizenship & the right to live & work in UK. Ppl encouraged to come to Eng after WW2 to fill labour shortages. Came as citizens NOT immigrants. Later acts restricted this right as Brits alarmed over immigration. Windrush scandal.
        
        COMMONWEALTH TODAY. 56 countries. Most were colonies (if not, had historic ties). 2.3 billion ppl (as inc. Bangladesh, India, Nigeria, Pakistan...). Mainly republics. 6 have own monarch & 16 have UK monarch. Can be suspended/expelled (eg Zimbabwe under Mugabe, S Afr under apartheid (later readmitted). No constitution until Charter 2012 - committed to 16 values. Criticised for being a 'Post Colonial Club'. Some events - Commonwealth Games, C. Business Forum etc. Members ↑ re-evaluating the usefulness/relevance of membership in the wake of coronation
- - - - ESO: TJungBook, imp history etc.