Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

B5 + B6 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - traps light energy
      - converts it to chemical energy
      - For formation of / producing carbohydrates
  - - - Palisade mesophyll and distribution of chlorophyll - photosynthesis
      - Stomata, spongy mesophyll cells and guard cells - gas exchange
      - Xylem for transport and support
      - phloem for transport
    - - nitrate
        
        making amino acids
        deficiency = stunt growth
      - magnesium
        
        Needed for making chlorophyll
        deficiency = leaves turn yellow
- - - - Source of energy, broken down to release energy for respiration
        found in foods such as rice, pasta, wheat foods, etc,.
    - - Insulation + energy store
        
        found in oil, butter, white stuff on animal meat, etc,.
    - - Form muscles, enzymes, growth + repair
        
        Can be found in meat such as chicken
    - - needed for chem rxn to take place in cells
        
        water, juice, etc,.
    - - Development + maintenance of scar tissue, blood vessels and cartilage, needed to make ATP
        
        Found it citrusy fruits such as oranges
    - - For easy digestion
        
        avocados, beans, etc,.
    - - Stored in bones and teeth, where supports structure and hardness, required for muscles to move and for nerves
        
        found in dairy products such as milk
    - - Formed under our skin as a reaction to sunlight
        
        found in oily fish such as sardines and salmon
    - - needed in small quantities to maintain health
        
        Vegetables, fruits, meats
    - - low protein intake
        
        bilateral extremity swelling
    - - Low caloric intake
        
        growth stunt
  - - - anus
      - large intestine
      - gall blader
      - pancrease
      - liver
      - Small intestine
      - Stomach
      - Salivary glands
      - Oesophagus
      - Mouth
    - - Villi
        
        Capillaries in villi - absorbs sugar and amino acids
        
        Lacteals in villi - absorbs lipids
        
        structure of villi - finger like shape
        
        Increasing number of villi - increasing rate of diffusion of materials
      - Hydrochloric acid in gastric juice - killing bacteria in food and giving an acid pH for enzymes
        
        Bile
        
        Emulsifies fats to increase surface area for chemical digestion of fats to fatty acid and glycerol by lipase
        
        Neutralizing acidic mixture of food and gastric juice, entering duodenum from the stomach, to provide suitable pH for enzyme action
        
        Function of acid pH limited to low pH
        
        Giving optimum pH for protease activity
        
        Denaturing enzymes in harmful microorganisms in food
      - Significance of chemical digestion in the alimentary canal in producing small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed
        
        Fat
        
        Lipase
        
        Glycerol and fatty acids
        
        Starch
        
        Amylase
        
        Glucose
        
        Protein
        
        Protease
        
        Amino acids
      - Cause of dental decay
        
        Coating of bacteria and food on teeth, bacteria respiring sugars in the food, producing acid which dissolves enamel and dentine
      - Structure of teeth
      - premolars and molars
        
        large, flat surfaces with ridges at the edges for chewing and grinding up food
      - Canines
        
        pointed for tearing, holding and biting
      - Incisors
        
        chisel shaped for biting and cutting
    - - Egestion
        
        Passing out of food that has not been digested, as faeces through anus
      - Ingestion
        
        Taking in of foods through the mouth
      - Assimilation
        
        movement of digested food molecules into cells of body where used, becoming parts of cells
      - Absorption
        
        movement of digested food molecules through wall of intestine into blood
      - Chemical digestion
        
        breakdown of large insoluble food molecules, to small soluble food molecules
      - Mechanical digestion
        
        Digestion as break down of food into smaller pieces without use of chemical change to food molecules
    - - effects
        
        Obesity
        
        taking in more energy that's used
        
        extra energy stored as fats
        
        risk of diabetes and heart disease
        
        constipation
        
        Lack of fibre
        
        Food lacks bulk for muscles to push through alimentary canal
        
        Coronary heart disease
        
        Fat deposit builds up in arteries, supplying heart , reducing blood flow of heart to muscle cells which do not work properly due to lack of oxygen
        
        can lead to heart attacks or deaths
        
        Starvation
        
        Taking in less of energy that is used
        
        body starts break down energy stores, first fat, muscle tissues,
        
        leading to severe weight lost
        
        damage to heart and immune system
    - - Pregnancy
        
        Energy requirement increases for development of the fetus + large mass carrier needs to carry around, extra calcium and iron are needed to build the bones, blood and teeth of the fetus
      - activity levels
        
        More active, more energy required for movement as muscles contract more and respiring faster
      - breastfeeding
        
        energy requirements increase and calcium increase for high quality breast milk
      - Age
        
        Amount of energy needed increases until adulthood, as the energy is needed for growth. children need more protein for growth and development as you age, your energy needs decrease