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Chapter 10, Chapter 9, Chapter 12, Chapter 11, Prion (infectious protein),…
Chapter 10
Dna Replication
How does this happen?
Dna gets replicated via 1) helicase unzipping 3) DNA polymerase finding a promoter and 3) new nucleotides being made.
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Viruses
Infectious particle called a phage. Wrapped in a capsid (protein shell). Can only reproduce inside cells. Uses the lytic cycle. Can also use the lysogenic cycle
Retroviruses, start as a mrna then become dna, in your dna, making it near impossible to remove without destroying YOUR dna
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Rna to Protein Synthesis
mRNA leaves the nucleus, into the cytoplasm, and goes to a ribosome. This ribosome is where propteins are made via tRNA. tRNA attaches anticodons to the RNA. which creates a growing polypeptide chain.
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Chapter 12
Gene editing
Crisper
Incredibly precise, targets a specific gene
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use of crisper
Allows for CAR-T therapy, where t cells are taken out, then a gene from crispr is inserted, the cells grow then it is reinserted back into the patient.
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Restriction enzyme
Orignally used to "cut" dna from bacteria, rendering them useless; defense. Now used as scissors, creates sticky ends
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GMOS
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has completely changed vaccine production, insulin production, lowering costs
Can happen via selective breeding, gene editing, and breeding techniques that specifically insert DNA
Dna profiling
shows genetic markers, such as the gel electrophoresis showing the different lengths of bars
This chapter is very focused on how biology affetcs humanity, how humanity affects biology, how technological affects biology and vise vera
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Chapter 11
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Genetics of Cancer
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Tumor suppressor genes can also be "turned off" via mutations, allowing for cell division to increase exponentially
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Cloning
Plants are a lot easier to clone, why is this?
they experience regeneration, and are totipotent: a cell that is capable of producing every specialized cell
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