Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Motivation - Coggle Diagram
Motivation
As an Individual difference
an internal state that drives people into action, driven by need satisfaction and dynamic
models of motivation (murray, 1938)
press (situational conditions) and needs influence our motives and therefore shape our behaviours
primary needs = bio in nature
secondary need = bio/psychological in nature
recent models include goals to help distinguish motivation from mood (chamorro-premuzic, 2013)
focus of more recent models (scheffer & heckhausen, 2018)
need for achievement
desire to master skills, do things well, and accomplish goals
sub component = hope for success vs fear of failure (schultheiss, 2008)
need for affiliation
desire to form relationships and spend time with others
subtypes of motives
need for emotional support: being around others as comfort and reduce negative feelings
need for positive stimulation: feed off others and get pleasure/stimulation from being around others
need for attention from others: getting recognition from others is important
need for soical comparison: judge their self-worth by comparing to others
need for power
desire to form relationships and spend time with others
subcomponent = hope for power vs fear of weakness (schultheiss, 2008)
measured though TAT/projective tests
state and trait motives
motivations/needs change over time but are also relatively stable
Correlates of Individual Differences in Motivation
need for achievement
preference for tasks of moderate difficulty that indicate ability
preference for work settings with frequent feedback on current vs previous performance
individual level
entrepreneurial success and innovation
poor leadership and managerial skills
societal/historic level
economic growth and innovation
civil war and ineffective leadership
economic growth (bradburn & berlew, 1961)
time lag pattern
changes in need for achievement followed around 50yr later with a change in coal import
need for power
reflects desire to influence and have impact as well as dominate and control
can also be expressed though generativity e.g. teaching jobs or women having larger families
individual level
higher T levels
higher sexual activity and aggression
managerial, leadership and career success
societal/historical level
increase in war and arms
effective leadership
presidential performance (spangler & house, 1991)
high need for power and lower needs for achievement and affiliation positively correlated with presidential performance
need for affiliation
individual level
like similar others and dislike dissimilar others
societal/historical level
peace and disarmament
political scandal
importance of concessions (langer & winter, 2001)
need for affiliation positively related to concessions however negatively correlated with need for power
Motivation and Health
physiology of need for power
high testosteron
engagement in power challeng situations
activation of SNS stress response
chronic high blood pressure, lowered immune function, increases susceptibility to illness
negative health effects of need for power
mcclelland et al. (1982): prisoners
TAT stories coded for power and affiliation
recorded no. stressors, severity of illnesses, salivary immunoglobulin-A
high need for power assoicated with increased mean severity of illness and decreased S-IgA concentration
theorised only the need to dominate others facet is associated with poor health outcomes
need for affiliation and health
associated with PNS and increased immune functioning
mccllelland and kirshnit (1988)
showed p's either positive or negative film then measured S-IgA levels
found that concentration was increased from the positive film showing protective factor of affiliation