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crime and deviance - Coggle Diagram
crime and deviance
perspectives
marxism
LEMERT
- studied the difference between PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DEVIANCE
- PRIMARY DEVIANCE - describes deviant acts before they are publically labelled which means a label is not attached and does not affect the self fulfilling prophecy. suggesting the only thing 'known deviants have in common is that they are publically labelled as such
- SECONDAY DEVIANCE - an act that generates a strong response, leading to a label taking place, this lab el becomes the individuals 'master status' and therefore their controlling identity, and therefore a self fulfilling prophecy
BOX
- claims the law is written by the bourgeoisie, and only reflects their interests AKA ideological law making
- MARXISTS argue the criminal justice system can be useful in maintaining false class consciousness as the law can often help in times of neeed such as poverty BUT< PIERCE argues, this is the 'careing face of capitalism' and these laws are rarely enforced
BECKER
- states that the roles of 'moral entrepreneurs' are significant in our reaction to certain acts
- a 'moral entrepreneur' is an individual who attempts to influence our reaction in order for law to change
- journalists, politicians etc
- can often lead to the labelling process
SUPPORTED BY CICOURELS TYPIFICATIONS THEORY
functionalism
DURKHEIM
- crime is healthy for society, and can benefit and promote the value consensus through three functions
- boundary maintenance - if society sees a criminal being punished for their wrong doings it can create social solidarity as society will remember that crime is wrong and therefore be a deterrance
- warning device - criminal activity can show that society needs to adapt and change if a policy no longer works
- safety valve - DAVIS argues that crime can be a safety valve for the nuclear family as if a man releases his sexual tension and frustrations through prostitution without threatening their marriage and can maintain the nuclear family
MERTON
- STRAIN THEORY - tried to focus on why people committed crime rather than the functions it performed
- material goals can often lead to strain and found 5 responses to it
- conformists - those who fail to achieve success through the means but still believe hard work will gain success
- rebels - those who react badly to the goal and therefore, abandon all means to achieve success
- retreatists - those who give up on the goal as they lack the self belief to gain it
- innovators - fail to conform to the means, attempt to create their own means to achieve success
- ritualists - compensates for failure by obsessing over the means and forgetting the cultural goal
subcultutral theory
ALBERT COHEN
- suggests status frustration and its affects on working class boys
- argues that working class boys fail to achieve success in mainstream education which places them at a disadvantage leading to status frustration
- turning to those who are in the same situation as them
- creating delinquent subcultures and leading to alternative status hierarchy whereby they attempt to see who can be the 'best delinquent'
CLOWARD AND OHLIN
- suggests there are 3 subcultures that lead to criminal activity within society
- criminal subcultures - those who are surrounded by criminal role models which means its easier for youths to learn criminal behaviour
- conflict subcultures - difficult for criminal culture to develop as criminal gangs tend to fight over who has control
- retreatist subcultures - 'double failure' those who fail to become a criminal, turning to drugs instead
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social distribution
ethnicity
institutional racism - MCPHERSON REPORT found that the metropolitan police was instusitonally racist due to them not following up on leads during the case of stephan lawrence.
CICOUREL - found that many police officers and judges hold stereotypes of ethnic minorities and young black males were 7x more likely to get stopped and searched by the police than white males
as well as this, those fpart of ethnic minorities were more likely to be punished than middle class white males
HALL - stated that through the media the bougeosie have enforced 'moral panics' which have created ethnic divisions within society
- using the example of the 'black mugger' in the 1970's which was a media representation deomonising young black men
gender
- POLLACK found the CHIVALRY THESIS which assumes that women are treated more leniently by the criminal justice system
- claiming this stems from gender role socialisation
-feminists argue this is not the case and many women do not report cases of domestic abyse to the police as thye do not get taken seriously
- HEDERMAN - womens sentences are becoming more severe
- SEX ROLE THEORY PARSONS - women are less likely to commit crimes due to their genetic make up
- women have more to lose if they turn to criminal activity such as primary socialisation of their children
- HEIDENSON - women are less likely to commit crime as they are controlled by the patriarchy and dont have the same opportunities
-suggesting crime is gendered - experienced diffferently by men and women
- LOMBROSO conducted a study and found that 'women are not biological criminals'
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media
- crime is over represented in the media leading to the distorted view of crime
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