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Paper 2: Challenges in the Human Environment, KEYWORDS Multiplier effect …
Paper 2: Challenges in the Human Environment
Urban Issues and Challenges
RIO DE JANEIRO Case Study
Overview:
It is a city with global influence for a variety of reasons such as its landmarks (Christ the Redeemer, Sugarloaf Mountain, Copacabana), the 2016 Olympics, tourism and its large economy and subsequent quality of life divide.
N
ewly
E
merging
E
conomy (NEE)
Location:
Second largest city in the country of Brazil in South America.
Coasts the South Atlantic Ocean.
Generally hot, humid and tropical climate.
Opportunities:
New favelas combat overcrowding.
Medics visit homes directly.
Foreign aid invests in 12 new sewage plants.
Armed police patrol scares gang violence.
Transport services.
2016 Olympics.
Fining pollutant ships in Guanabara Bay.
Challenges:
Water and air pollution due to sewage and rubbish pumping into Guanabara Bay and congestion from overpopulation.
Crime rates in favelas as a result of unemployment and gang control.
Lack of sewage treatment and approx. 12% of Rio households not having clean running water.
Illegal tapping of electricity systems.
Weak or little access to healthcare.
FREIBURG Case Study
H
igh
I
ncome
C
ountry (HIC)
The Changing Economic World
NIGERIA Case Study
Overview:
Seen rapid economic growth (e.g. less reliance on primary sectors) and population increase in recent years (2014 highest GDP in Africa). It supplies 2.7% of the world's oil and is the 12th largest global producer. It currently has around 50% of its population in urbanised areas, and is the world's 21st largest economy.
Location:
Borders Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon.
Coasts the South Atlantic Ocean.
Within southern-central Africa.
Tropical climate from rainy and humid in the more southern regions to dryer seasons in northern regions.
N
ewly
E
merging
E
conomy (NEE)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6RQMNR70tI
Shell and Unilever
Both Anglo-Dutch companies (Shell HQ in the Netherlands and Unilever HQ in London and Rotterdam). Shell extracts and distributes oil globally (oil counts for 14% of the GDP and 98% of the export earnings nationally) and Unilever distributes products such as self care and food items. Shell is controversial (see the Bodo Oil Spill) but contributes to taxes and export revenue as well as 91% of contracts coming back to Nigerian companies. Unilever employs 1500+ people, promotes healthcare and education and was voted 2nd best Nigerian workplace in 2014.
TNC (Trans National Cooperation):
A company that has operations (e.g. factories, offices, research, development) in more than one country.
Export revenue +
Local partnerships form in foreign countries +
Money into the economy +
Employment opportunity and development of skills +
Investment in infrastructure and education +
Poor pay and working conditions -
Profit goes to the TNC (not the country or area) -
Management jobs go to foreign employees -
Grants etc. go elsewhere -
Keywords:
Development gap
Intermediate technology
International Aid
Trade
Multiplier effect
Industrial structure
Service industries
Transnational cooperation
Commonwealth
Challenge of Resource Management
WAKEL RIVER BASIN Case Study
Overview:
SMALL SCALE WATER MANAGEMENT SCHEME
Aims to improve water management in a dry area of North-West India (less than 250mm rain annually). This is caused by irrigation (too much water has been taken from underground and wells have dried up).
N
ewly
E
merging
E
conomy (NEE)
Methods:
Taankas = water is collected from roofs and stored underground.
Joheds = channels in the earth collect rainwater.
Pats = water is channelled to fields and controlled using small dams called bunds.
Education about water conservation.
LESOTHO WATER HIGHWAY Case Study
Overview:
LARGE SCALE WATER MANAGEMENT SCHEME
Aims to solve the water shortage in Southern Africa. 40% of water from the Segu River in Lesotho transferred to the River Vaal in South Africa. Combination of dams, reservoirs, pipelines, roads and bridges.
Lesotho Pros:
Contributes to 75% of Lesotho's GDP.
Provides hydroelectric power and improves sanitation.
Lesotho Cons:
30,000 people displaced to make way for first 2 dams.
Damage to wetland ecosystems.
Due to corruption money that would have been used for compensation has disappeared.
South Africa Pros:
Improves water security.
Reduces acidity of the Vaal River Reservoir.
Improves access to safe water.
South Africa Cons:
Likely to cost US$4 billion.
40% of water is lost through leaks.
Corruption has been a major issue.
L
ow
I
ncome
C
ountry (LIC)
Geographical Skills
KEYWORDS
Multiplier effect
Gentrification
Regeneration
Sustainability