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Neoplasia "New Growth", Irreversible - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Sustained proliferation
      - Evade growth suppression
      - Resist cell death
      - Angiogenesis
      - Metastasis
    - - Growth promoting proto-oncogenes
        
        Excessive increase in normal functions of encoded gene product
        
        Gain of function
      - Growth inhibiting tumour suppressor genes (TSG)
        
        Loss of function
        
        Both alleles damaged before transformation can occur
        
        TP53
        
        A tumour suppressor gene that regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, apoptosis
        
        Loss of P53
        
        DNA damage goes unrepaired
        
        Driver mutations accumulate in oncogenes & other cancer genes
        
        Active p53 upregulates expression of proteins e.g. cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21, causing cell-cycle arrest at G1-S checkpoint
        
        Pause allows cells to repair DNA damage
        
        Inactivated by viral oncoproteins, e.g. E6 protein of HPV
      - Genes that regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis)
        
        Abnormalities that result is less death
      - Genes involved in DNA repair - principal targets of cancer-causing mutations
- - - - Endoderm or ectoderm
      - Strong adherence to one another
      - Form nests, islands, clusters
      - Epithelial cells
        
        Epidermal keratinocytes
        
        Gastric mucosal epithelial cells
        
        Hepatocytes
        
        Renal tubular epithelial cells
        
        Mammary glandular epithelium
    - - Mesoderm
      - Generally poorly defined cell borders
      - Spindle shaped
      - Mild to moderate adherence to one another
      - Forms streams & whorls in histology & loose, uneven clumps in cytology
      - Generally produce matrix (and the matrix helps us to decide what type of cell it is)
      - Mesenchymal Cells
        
        Fibroblasts
        
        Osteoblasts
        
        Chondrocytes
        
        Endothelial cells
        
        Adipocytes
        
        Skeletal muscle cells
        
        Schwann cells
    - - Haematopoietic cells (lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages)
      - Well-defined cell borders
      - Round to ovoid in shape
      - Don't adhere to one another
      - Round cells - WBCs
        
        Mast cells
        
        Macrophages
        
        Plasma cells
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        Melanocytes