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Personality and Mental Health - Coggle Diagram
Personality and Mental Health
Diathesis-Stress Models
diathesis = inherent vulnerability to develop an illness (personality trait)
stress = increase the risk of developing an illness
haslam (2007): metaphorically, diatheses make people brittle and life stress delivers the blows that make them crack
stress and diatheses interact which cause increased risk of developing MHP
relationships (haslam, 2007)
linear = each increase in diathesis increases risk of MHP
exponential = rate gets bigger with each increase in diathesis
step-change = initial increases in diathesis don't increase risk until critical point is reached and there is a very large increase in risk
difficulties in identifying a personality diatheses
could be several diatheses per disorder which interact with each other but also interact diferently with stress both increasing risk of MHP
there may be protective factors which buffer the effects of either stress or diatheses
diatheses may be differentially sensitive to certain types of stressors (specific vulnerability hypothesis)
specific vulnerability hypothesis (blatt & zuroff, 1992): someone with personality type X is more sensitive to the stress of being unemployed than bullying whereas its the opposite for personality type Y
Personality Diatheses for Depression
types of diatheses
female
relative with depression
death of a parent in childhood
lack of soial support
stressors
divorce
unemployment
physical illness
most extensively researched diatheses (haslam, 2007)
high autonomy
compulsive self reliance
aversion to being controlled or dependent on others
congruent stressors = personal failures
excessive concern with own levels of achievement
high dependency
anxious attachment, exaggerated need for others guidance and approval
fears separation and abandonment
congruent stressors = interpersonal conflict, loss, rejection and separation
self-critical personality style
perfectionism, unreasonably high standards for self and prone to punishing self-evaluations
congruent stressors = negative life events they feel responsible for
excessive levels of guilt and self criticism
pessimistic explanatory style
enduring and unlikely to change
explain negative events according to stable and global causes
congruent stressors = negative life events that could be attributed to stable, global causes
SVH (abela et al., 2012)
high autonomy/self-critical are focussed on achievement so sensitive to achievement related stressors
high dependency focussed on relationships so sensitive to relationship related stressful events
when faced with their domain congruent stressor individuals are more at risk for depression, however domain incongruent associated with lower risk of depression
mixed results to support this hypothesis
causes for inconsistencies
little focus on proective factors
too much focus on individual stress level relative to group
researcher cannot classify stressful events for each individual (spill over effects)
more powerful to use idiographic designs to track stress across the lifetime
study
participants = 140 children aged 6-14yrs with one parent with depression
measures
childrens depressive experiences questionnaire (dependency & self-crit)
self-esteem questionnaire
childrens depression inventory
childrens hassles scale
method
1y telephone calls
every 6 weeks completed depression inventory and hassles scale
aims
ability of dependency and self-crit to predict depression
effect of increased amout of total stress
role of self-esteem as a protective factor
findings
self-criticism didn't effect depression
highest rates of depression were found in high D and low SE especially in high stress period however, SE acts as a buffer for depression
Schizotypy
meehl's model (1962, 1990)
SZ genes (DNA)
schizotaxia (CNS abnormalities)
szhizotypy (personality diathesis)
stressors
SZ
schizotypic disorders (e.g. paranoid personality disorders)
endophenotypes (SZ like symptoms e.g. WM problems)
kwapli et al. (2013)
534 UG completed wisconsin schizotypy scales
2 parts of schizotypy
positive schizotypy
perceptual aberration and magical ideation
mood disorders and substance abuse
SZ spectrum disorders
negative schizotypy
physical and social anhedonia
schizoid traits and lower relationship closeness
SZ spectrum disorders
SVH
pos schizotypy most sensitive to chaotic environment e.g. frequent home moves
neg schizotypy most sensitive to bio/physical stressors e.g. birth complications
schizotypy and creativity
overinclusive thinking/biosociation in SZ engage cognitive processes enabling people to generate interesting novel and creative ideas
ando et al. (2014)
actors and comedians scored higher than normal controls on online schizotypy scales
comedians scored higher than actors for 3 subscales
mason et al. (2015)
online recruitment of 294 poets compared with normal group
18.37% met diagnostic criteria for slef-reported bipolar
highest level of schizotypy for avant garde poets