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Changing Spaces; Making Places, Poverty - Coggle Diagram
Changing Spaces; Making Places
What's in a place
Understanding place
Factors affecting place perception
Age
: the life cycle means that people identify with places differently e.g. a playground
Gender
Sexuality
: Castro District in San Francisco, 'Gay Village' in Manchester and Brighton
Religion
Role
Emotional connection
EXAMPLE: The Kurds, with
2/3
million people in this nation living as a diaspora and have always been heavily persecuted, notably under the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein
Globalisation and time-space compression
Winners and losers
The advantages from time space compression are not equally available to everyone as those who cannot adapt to the 'global village' may feel a sense of dislocation
The 'global village' increases interconnectedness and interdependence and so communications along with the flow of goods are quicker than before
Example
: The UK supermarket, sourcing food no longer depends on the season due to imports
Representing places
Informal
TV and film
Photos
Blogs
Graffiti
Formal
Census: an essential factor in government planning and allocation of resources
Numerical data
Representing rural places
Characteristics that distinguish rural from urban places are believed to be the sense of community, more conservative lifestyle, more homogenous and less spatial/social mobility
At a local scale, the 6 characteristics of a place include
Physical geography e.g. drainage, slope, geology, topography
Demography
Socio-economic e.g. income, education, employment
Cultural e.g. religion, traditions
Political
Built environment
How does economic change influence patterns of social inequality in a place
Measuring social inequality
Standard of living
: ability to access services and goods e.g. food, water, housing
Index of Multiple Deprivation
Measures income, employment, health, education, crime, access to housing, services and living environment
Income
In 2015, the World Bank's definition of extreme poverty: US$1.90/DAY
The UK's HBAI (Households Below Average Income) shows 14 million households fall below the average
The Gini Coefficient is a ratio - if the value was 1.0 it would mean all the income in the country was in the hands of one person whereas 0 indicates equal income
Housing
Housing tenure, many occupiers own their houses through taking out mortgages in AC's but in LIDC's it is more complex due to slums and 'squatter settlements'
Education
Formal education - schools, colleges, apprenticeships, uni's
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Healthcare
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Quality of life
: extent to which people's needs and desires are met e.g. health, education
Cause and reasons for spatial variations in patterns of inequality
Wealth
Housing
Health
Education
Access to services
Limited by three factors at a national scale: number of services, how accessible the service is and factors like age, gender and income
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Achieving universal primary education is an MDG
In all societies there's a clear link between ill-health and deprivation and so the ease with which one is able to access medical services influences social inequality
In LIDC/EDC's, people have little choice but to live in slum housing whereas in ADC's homelessness is a growing issue due to rent inflations
Disposable income allowing greater or lower access to services and goods
Role of globalisation in economic change
Global shift of manufacturing
50 years ago, most manufacturing took place in western Europe and North America but from the 1980's this was redistributed to East Asia and Latin America
Containerisation and bulk handling reduced costs
This lead to a loss of employment in the primary/secondary sectors and AC's transformed into post-industrial societies with a rise in tertiary and quaternary services
Impact of structural economic change on places
Advantages EDC/LIDC's
Advantages in AC's
Loss of manufacturing leads to improved environmental quality
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More job availability which spreads wealth
Higher export-generated income promotes investment and the multiplier effect
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Negatives AC's
Negatives LIDC/EDC's
Structural change is unlikely to decrease inequality due to job concentration in urban areas
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Job losses of unskilled workers can lead to structural unemployment
Big gaps between skilled and unskilled workers appear
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Booms and recessions impacting places
Role of government in patterns of social inequalit
y
UK GOVERNMENT
Methods
Taxation
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In 2016, spending on the UK by the government was around
£760 billion
Areas of spending by the UK government
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Kondratieff
cycles - roughly 50 years of growth and decline have characterised the capitalist world since 1750
Cycles of growth and stagnation are linked to technological innovation as new industries provide the boom
Once the technology becomes 'old', there are fewer opportunities for growth and a recession becomes imminent
This new technology is not evenly spread throughout the UK and so the core regions disproportionately benefit from the multiplier effect
Recessions impact macroeconomic indicators like GDP, household income and business profits
Households will then have less disposable income to spend as consumers
Booms: SILICON VALLEY
Centred in the town of San Jose and is home to many of the largest high-tech corporations like Apple
Stanford University is nearby to Silicon Valley and so it has access to high-quality graduates
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Players that influence economic change in places
Players involved in a potential new by-pass development
Private players
TNC's, Wildlife trusts, Retailers, Farmers;land purchased next to road
Public players
Local/national governments, emergency services, people living near new road and those living near present route
Placemaking processes
Role of government
Increasing use of GIS means the government is using more geography as a part of their work
Head of the state for the UK, King Charles III - ceremonial processes
Attracting
Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI)
Has increased enormously since 1980 but ebbs and flows according to wealth
Most FDI flows are headquartered in AC's like Nestle, Sony or Barclays but TNC's originating in EDC/LIDC's are increasing
For example, Tata owns Jaguar Land Rover and China
In 2019, US$98 billion of FDI was invested by Chinese companies
HITACHI RAIL
2015, Hitachi Rail opened a plant in NE England which represents a £85 million flow from Japan into the UK
Planners and architects
Between 1950-1980, the UK faced a major housing crisis due to its growing population which led to new tower block flats being built that were negatively perceived like
Hulme in Manchester
or
Orchard Park in Hull
24 hour city
Can be found around the world,
even in EDC's
like Cairo or Mumbai
In London, night bus routes have doubled between 1999 and 2013 which carry 2 million people annually
Underground train lines operate 24 hours on the weekend
Uber Eats is a 24 hr food service
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This trend has been replicated in other cities like Berlin, New York and Madrid
Local community groups
Residents' associations tend to be concerned with the environmental quality of the neighbourhood like traffic speeds and on-road parking
Heritage associations that link place identity to the area's history like the National Trust
Digital placemaking is being increasingly used due to the popularity of social media
'The Power of 10+' - there should 10+ reasons why people would want to use the area
REBRANDING
Reasons for rebranding taking place
After the Great Fire of London in 1666, the city was rid of narrow streets and alleys and replaced with large piazzas with long, wide boulevards
Rebranding usually involves 3 key elements
Brand artefact
: the physical geo.
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Strategies for rebranding
Market-led
: private investor led aiming to make a profit e.g. restaurants
Top-down development
: involves large organisations like local authorities like the London or Salford Docklands
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Elements involved in rebranding
Architecture
: Covent Garden, Pompidou Centre in Paris
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Controversy of rebranding
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Poverty
Poor living conditions
Poor health
Poor education
Poor skills