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Depth Studies - Coggle Diagram
Depth Studies
Boxers
Causes
after the Russo-Japanese war there 60000 troops on the payroll in shandong. by 1898 this had reached only 30,000 because they resorted to banditry etc.
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Kucheng Massacre. 8 killled. Tianjin Massacre 60 killed. Sidney Brookes was a missionary who was killed on his way back from praying - an old man. society for the proppgation of the gospel in foreign parts aggravated foreign powers.
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Zhang Rumei didn't do the Dykes and so the Yellow River masively flooded in the 1899 and left over 600,000 people homeless and aggravated.
Battle of Senluo temple, where a force of Qing troops had to quell uprisings among the boxers. at least 87 people were killed.
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Consequences
Boxer Protocol - one of the 10 great humiliations. reparation reached 982 with 4 interest rate by 1940. Cixi returned to Beijing in a grand-style with rest houses every 10 miles which did impress the foreigners and perhaps gave her some negotiative leverage.
chinese fortifications and arsenals - 11 destroyed between Beijing and the coast. Winter palace burnt down.
Russo-japanese exploitation. even after the first sino-japanese war and the cessartion of Korea, Japan wanted more. Russian forces seized Jinlin and the Liadong peninsula. Japan wanted to take manchuria and demadns rights to build industry there. the population grows massively.
Shanghai in 1911, only 600 enterprises using machinery. capital into industry just 6-7% of what it was into agriculture.
peoples were annoyed at the industry. Hankou in 1904 there were over 15 stoppages in the year because they went on strike. 9k people attacked the neighbouring russian plant.
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Sun Yat sen emboldened. 1905 boycott against american goods. Liang Qichao set up the olitical information society.
Representatives of 16 provinces went to Beijing three times in 1908 to petition for the natinonal parliament that Cixi had promised in the 'outline of the constitution'
Tongmenhui had 10,000 members by 1911
35 new military academies. rise of the gentry class. 175,000 men.
1906 Hunan flooding. Hong river society. 20,000 men went into action.
nature
Cixi ambivalent in June. Battle of the Senluo temple shows that the Qing actually didn't like the boxers. 87 dead.
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Boxer Strengths
30,000 chinese catholics killed. several hundred killed inside the legation quarter.
Battle of yangtsun was the final turning point and a clear example of the british tactical expertise - it was the final push for Beijing. 14,000 troop including the Bengal Lancers. 20% of troops out of action. should not have won, but they did with only 45 people dead.
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Weakness - under jung Lu who was meant to command the entire force the army was very incohesive. it was made up of different ethnic backgrounds. Han even started fighting on some occassion. Yuan Shikai refused to send troops. 1.75 million men in trained green band militias, very few fought.
Dagu Forts - 172 casualties from their 900 troops. Boxers had some good armoury since the Self-strengthening period. Gilak and other ship badly fucked.
Battle of Tianjin was brutal. 6,900 Qing soldiers against the 8 nation alliance which reached 50,000 soldiers by the end of the war. 250 foreign soldiers dead, compared to over 5000 boxers died. Allowed the Nation force to progress into the chinese interior and approach Beiijing. looting etc.
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Seymour Expedition - 2066 men became trapped because the boxers had cut off the railway route to Beijing. battle of Langfeng. 5000 kansu irregulars. the british only won because they found the Hsiku Arsenal. they would ahve died otherwise. had to wait for general gaslee's relief force.
Cultural Revolution
Causes
failure of the GLF. Liu Shaoqi said it was 70% human error. backyard furnaces. 45 million. 40% unusable.
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Mao swims in the Yangtze. set up base at at the diaoyutai guesthouse. deng and Liu sent 400 work teams to sort the gighting at Pelking university whereby 60 lectureres were beaten up.
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nature
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Second phase
Mao at the 11th plenum meeting scolded Liu and said 90% of the workd teams had made mistakes after the GLF.
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Opium War
Causes
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opium - 40,000 chests by 1840
Consoo fund - even the emperor was siphening off a major chunk of the highest quality opium for his imperial court.
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Qing degradation. 1 official for every 250,000
Lin Zexu
Hired december 1838. March starts to arrest over 1.1k chinese dealers in the city of canton where 90% of the opium was sold. he then detains 350 foreigners and only releases them if Eliot, the British captain hands over 1,026 barrels of opium. he then
Eliot does so and says to all the merchants that their funds are liable to the british empire. Lin then starts to say no opium can be traded and establishes a blockade, forcing all the foreigners to leave to go to Hong Kong. He also started to establish a garrisson of troops on the Kowloon peninsula. he then gives the british merchant's opium in, valued at over 9 milllion. over 6 million dollars worth was destroyed by Lin.
Kowloon incident whereby 6 british soliders killed a chinese man at a temple. Eliot said they would be held responsible but refused to hand them over to Lin, who was furious. he then cuts off all food and supplies to Hong Kong and they had to flee to Macau. 2000 people without food and water.
battle of Chuenpi - HMS Volage tries to stop the Royal Saxon from going agains the blockade. REsults in a skrimish with the chinese who think they are infringing on the blockade. 2 chinese junks heavily damaged.
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Consequences
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Started the century of humiliation. Whampoa with the French in 1844 which gave missionaries the right to travel into inland china - James Hudson Taylor Inland mission 1864 reached 204 million people by the end of the century.
Treaty of Tianjin 1860. 2.5 fixed tarrifs and 10 more ports opened.wangxia also allowed MFN for many other european countries including spain, the US, pland and norway.
Nature
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chinese strengths?
complete incohesion shown at teh Welllusey conference 1840 in Chusan city who were totally confused as to what was happnengin.
Battle of Sanyuanyi whereby there was some chinese success. civilian force of 10,000 soldiers from 100 differnt villages. managed to kill 18 British. overexaggerated as a huge win for the British.
800,000 fighting force, it was just that 30% had firearms and most weren't trained at all.
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Lin Zexu was fired because he got them into a war, but after the Chuenbi convention 1840 Qishan was also fired because he had initally agreed to signiing that Canton could be open and have an indemnity of 6 million.
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tactically the chinese were terrible. Abandoned forts at Zhejiang and 12,000 British advanced unopposed, whcih was really stupid.it was at this point that Han chinese started fighting for the british against the Manchurians.