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The Return to ‘Normalcy’ - Coggle Diagram
The Return to ‘Normalcy’
The domestic and foreign policies of Harding and Coolidge
Harding (1921-32)
Achievements
supported CR, backed anti-lynching bill of 1921 (prevented by court here democrat senate) -Federal highway act, -Ford-McCumber Tarrif -advised by Mellon, cut taxes and ended 1920-21 depression -able appointments -Washington naval conference (naval disarmament)
Failures
‘Ohio gang’ -appointment of friends ended in scandal -Teapot Dome Scandal (leasing of federal oil reserve - illegally selling drilling rights)
Coolidge (1923-29)
Achievements
cleaned cabinet up through investigation -supported CR (Indian citizenship act) -tax policy (income tax, national debt retired 25%) -immigration act 1924 (2% of number already in USA)
Failures
‘business of America is business’ - vetoed military benefits scheme, congress passed again - Mississippi flood 1927, against reconstruction spending
Foreign policy (return to isolationism?)
Beliefs- red scare, American identity, eugenics, WC wages
Involvement in Europe
Washington conference (fear of Japanese influence, disarmament , open door policy)
Kellogg-Briand pact- only wage war in self-defence
Loans-reconstruction, prevent communism
Dawes-Young plan-plan of German repayment -loan to Germany to pay allies to pay USA
Involvement in Latin America
Monroe Doctrine, Good Neighbour Policy
Economic investment
General Motors, General Electric- protect investment
Reasons for the boom in the US economy
Republican government policies (lassiez-faire, rugged individualism, protectionism)
Technology and business (electric, cartels and holding companies)
Consumerism(women’s employment,hire purchase and credit)
Car industry (assembly line, workforce, road building, stimulating industry)
Stock market boom(rise in stocks and shared-certificate of ownership in companies)
Reasons for the social and cultural changes in the ‘Jazz Age’
Status of women(job opportunities, 19th however not seen as political candidates and Mary Pickford creating own film company)
New forms of entertainment (labour saving devices, mass production and higher wages led to pupil at sport, cinema and jazz music)
Prohibition as was seen alcohol led to abuse and bad work ethic and anti-German feeing ‘Kaisers brew’
Failed because it was difficult to enforce (speakeasies, bootleggers and moonshine), it helped aid problems with depression(tax, mood) and it led to competitive organised crime and gangs (al capone)
Intolerance to immigration
Competition for jobs and brough different customs and attitudes
Anti-German feeling/ involvement with another war
Policy
1917 literacy act, 1921 quota act, 1924 national origins act
Sacco-vanzetti case, revival and decline of KKK, Monkey trial