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Anglo-Saxons + Cold War Coggle, :) :), canada, after 1070 all church jobs…

- - - - Yalta Conference (February 1945):
        
        Germany, when defeated would be reduced in size, divided and demilitarised. It would have to pay reparations
        
        Europe would be rebuilt along the lines of the Atlantic Charter. Countries would have democratic elections
        
        The Soviet Union would declare war on Japan once Germany was defeated
        
        Poland would be in the "Soviet Sphere of influence" but run on a broader democratic basis
        
        Potsdam Conference (July-August 1945):
        
        A Council of Foreign Ministers was set up to organise the rebuilding of Europe.
        
        The Nazi Party was banned and war criminals were to be prosecuted
        
        Germany was to be divided into four zones of occupation and run by Britain, the USA, the USSR and France
        
        Berlin was also to be divided up into zones of occupation
        
        The Soviet Union was to receive up to 25% of the output from the other three zones.
        
        The outcomes of the conferences:
        
        While Britain, the USA and the Soviet Union were able to work together to defeat Germany, who had surrendered in May 1945, tension was increasing between the wartime allies
        
        Differences were beginning to emerge over the future of Germany and Eastern Europe.
        
        Moreover, Roosevelt's death had led to Truman becoming president and he was much more distrustful of the Soviet Union
    - - The Strategic Defence Initiative / Star Wars:
        
        He knew that Soviet economy was struggling and so by increasing spending and support for anti-communists he knew he could cause problems for the Soviets
        
        In 1983, Reagan announced a new policy that would place Soviet spending under even more pressure.
        
        The SDI would place a series of satellites in orbit. These satellites would carry powerful lasers that could shoot down Soviet missiles and preventing them harming the USA
        
        SDI was a significant turning point both in the arms race and in the Cold War
- - - - The Battle of Gate Fulford - 20th September 1066:
        
        Harald Hardrada and Tostig attacked in September 1066.
        
        They were blocked just outside York by the new Earl of Northumbria Morcar and his brother Edwin (Earl of Mercia) at Gate Fulford.
        
        The battle was a defeat for Morcar and Edwin. Their mistake was fighting just outside York, rather than within the city walls.
        
        Harold heard about the invasion and marched north.
        
        He must have been confident that William would not attack the south any time soon.
        
        The Battle of Hastings - 14th October 1066:
        
        After leaving York, Harold stopped in London for around 5 days to gather troops.
        
        He then continued south and met William at Senlac Hill, near Hastings.
        
        The battle began in Harold’s favour, but his strong shield wall gradually broke down.
        
        At one point a rumour went round that William had been killed, so he tipped his helmet to show he was still alive.
        
        Harold Godwinson and his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine held their position on the top of the hill.
        
        Eventually they were killed, but their housecarls fought on to the last.
        
        Why did William win?
        
        William’s tactics and leadership:
        
        William used cavalry to break up Harold’s shield wall.
        
        The Normans tricked the English into false security by pretending to retreat.
        
        William delayed his invasion until Harold had disbanded the southern fyrd.
        
        Horses were specially bred and shipped over for the battle.
        
        The Normans stole food and destroyed houses when they arrived in England.
        
        William quickly adapted an Iron Age fort at Hastings into a defensible castle.
        
        Harold’s leadership and bad luck:
        
        Harold’s army had been out since May.
        
        He rushed south to fight William. He could have stayed in London.
        
        His men were poorly disciplined, which caused the shield wall to break up.
        
        He didn’t have the element of surprise.
        
        Harold’s men were tired after fighting up north and then marching back south.
        
        William sailed over during winter storms, so he was lucky to make it.
        
        The bad luck suffered by Harold could so easily have been William’s!
        
        The Rebellions in the North, 1069
        
        Robert Cumin:
        
        After being betrayed by Gospatric in the 1068 rebellion, William chose a new Earl of northern Northumbria: Robert Cumin.
        
        Cumin violently attacked towns and villages as he went north, and a group of angry Northumbrians retaliated by killing him in Durham.
        
        1 more item...
        
        Both armies had specialist well-trained elite troops (knights and housecarls).
        
        NORMAN KNIGHTS:
        
        Charge at the enemy
        
        Mounted knights could strike downwards
        
        Well-trained on horseback
        
        Saddle held the rider firmly in place, meaning they could use their arms freely
        
        Horses vulnerable to attack
        
        More difficult to charge effectively up hill
        
        Cavalry and archers were only effective once the shield wall had been weakened
        
        ANGLO-SAXON HOUSECARLS:
        
        Shield wall was hard to break
        
        Heavy axes took down horses and caused severe injuries
        
        Housecarls were well-trained
        
        A strong shield wall needed discipline and endurance
        
        Once the shield wall was broken it was no longer effective