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Chapter 1 : Ethics in Administration - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 1 : Ethics in Administration
Concept of Ethics
Ethics
Greek's Ethos
Ethos - individual character
Morality
Latin's Moralis
Moralis - customs and manners
Ethics vs Morality
Ethics
Ethics is a branch of philosophy (LOVE OF WISDOM) which is called moral philosophy (McKinnon,2014)
Ethics is the study of morality
Their primary focus is on the study of morality and the application of theories
Ethicists who study about morality use philosophical method in their analysis and investigation of moral issues
Morality
A system of rules for guiding human conduct, and principles for evaluating those rules
Morality is a system whose purpose is to prevent harm and evils, and promote human flourishing (Bernard Gert, 1998)
Moral system compromised of moral rules and principles
Definition
Ethics
Ethics or moral philosophy, ask the basic question about the good life, about what is better and worse, about whether there are any objective right and wrong, and how we know it if there is. .(McKinnon, 2014)
Ethics in the setting of a nation's administration provides a framework to guide towards the right action, whereby an individual acts in accordance with the stated principles
Morality
Morality or ethics deals basically with human relationships - how humans treats other being so as to promote mutual welfare, growth, creativity and meaning, as they strive for good over bad and right over wrong (Thiroux, 2008)
Aristotle's Concept of Good
Perfection of character (virtuous character)
Acquiring intellectual virtues
Consistent with the maximization of faculty as human being
Acquired through scientific knowledge
Values
The decision on good over bad, right over wrong depends on values
Value comes from Latin valere means having worth or being worth
Values are abstract desirable goals that serve as guiding principles in people's lives (Rokeach, 1973)
Values are enduring beliefs that influence choices actors make from available means to achieve the desired end (Kakabadse et al,2003)
Why is Values Important in Administration?
Values are emphasised in work execution and personality as public servants
Values are important in public service as it becomes a yardstick to ethical behaviour (Lewis & Gilman, 2012) and indispensable as it modelled attitude and how we ought to achieve a particular standard (Molina & Mckeown, 2012)
Values have the strongest influence in the ethical decision and individual ethics (Heintzman, 2007;Sabitha & Mahmood Nazar, 2005)
Values are championed as the way to tackle unethical behavior and corruption in public service
Governments rely on values, character traits and norms to eradicate corruption and bribery (Basu, 2011;Mc Cusker, 2006)
Values as factor influencing inclination to commit bribery among Malaysian enforcement officers (Khairun Dalilah & Norhasliza, 2015; Suzeliyana & Nor Azlina, 2015)
Traits of Moral Principle (Pojman, 2011)
Prescriptivity - action guiding
Universalizability - generalisable
Overridingness - superior power & influence
Publicity - open & made known
Praticality - workable
Why study Ethics?
Ethics addresses questions of good and bad, or right and wrong
To solve moral problems resulted from many choices about what is good and bad, better and worse, and even right and wrong
Political reason, economic reason, social reason, religious reason etc.
Sources of Ethics
Laws - Natural & civil
Rules & regulations - Code of ethics & code of conduct
Conscience - Conformity to one's Own sense of right conduct
Religion - Faith in which an individual strongly belief in