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Opium War, Boxer, Cultural Rev. - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Amhurst expedition 1817, Napier affair 1834, Macartney mission 1792.
    - - Brazil, the producer of 80% of the world's silver, saw a reduction of 56% in output by 1830.
        
        British had to find another commodity to trade because it did not want to drain it's silver reserves, but had to keep up the Tea, because 5% of british income was spent on tea.
        
        EIC was in £28m of debt
        
        Chinese inflation went from a silver tael being worth 1000 copper cash in 1820, to over 2600 in 1836.
      - £36m of opium was coming out of China, and only 24m going in
  - - - Addiction
        
        90% of Hubei and Hanan addicted
        
        Consoo fund
        
        Daoguang addicted
      - Economic
        
        Trade deficit of 2 million
        
        Stagnated other areas of the economy because all surplus income was being spent on opium
        
        chests from from 4,500 in 1810, to 10,000 in 1820, to 30,000 in 1830.
        
        China's wealth had reduced by 20% from 1820-1836
      - Lin Zexu- appointed 28 December 1838. - success in confiscating 5,000 pipes from Henan province
        
        Ordered seizing of all opium from foreigners on 18th March - 1000 chests and kept factory owners locked inside
        
        23 march trade embargo
        
        5th May destroys $25 million worth of opium and 28,000 chests
    - - Unable to speak directly to Qing
      - Only allowed to live in Canton for two months
  - - - 6 sailors killed 3 men, British refused to turn them over, diplomatic incident.
    - - British blockade, one ship tried to evade the blockade and was attacked by British, Chinese got involved and eventually led to 15 Chinese dead and 7 junks destroyed, with one british casualty.
- - - - Military
        
        20,000 troops
        
        600,000 tons of coal
        
        700,000 litres of rum
        
        48 ships
      - Access to troops- such as the Bengal lancers from India which were fundamental in the Battle of Yangtsun because they provided the british with an option to flank the opposition
      - Humiliation tactics- rape, looting etc.
    - - Nemesis 660 ton iron clad steamer, 3.8 feet draught
        
        Battle of Tianjin unloaded congreve rockets and 600 sepoys.
      - Weapons- guns, artillery
        
        Battle of the Barrier 25% furhter cannons, 15% faster reload time
        
        Howitzer machine gun used grapeshot at Ningpo to kill over 200 chinese.
  - - - Battle of Chuenpi- Lin Zexu
      - Qishan and the Chusan conference following the Battle of Chuenpi in 1841.
      - Ningpo and amoy fields of slaughter
    - - Wellehusey city, officials refused to negotiate because they didn't know why they were being caught up in affairs regarding canton.
      - Han Chinese killed Manchu offiicals in Battle of Tianjin
    - - Wooden junks
      - fire monkey
      - Shanghai fort only had 25 artillery pieces
      - matchlock rifles- couldn't fire in the rain.
- - - - trade boom 5m exports by 1860
      - 100 offices in Shanghai, led to rise of managerial class.
      - Howqua richest man in China as a comprador.
    - - 20 million dollar indemnities
      - MFN clause
      - extraterritoriality
      - inland tariffs put at 2.5%
      - 50 trearty ports in operation by 1900
      - Communication at the footing of perfect equality- only negotiated in English.
  - - - Juye
      - Tianjin
      - christianity extorting over 20,000 taels.
- - - - Women
        
        Foot binding
        
        education for 141,000, but only in filial piety and house wife teachers
        
        85% of teachers had traditional degrees
        
        Cixi commisioned play called 'women can be patriots too'
        
        intermarriage law banned
        
        no foreign languages
      - 660 insurrections of various sizes between 1896-1911
    - - ministry of finance, 1909, first budget 1910
      - ministry for education 1903
      - ministry for foreign affairs 1903
      - local food costs for barley and wheat doubled between 1980-1908
      - DaQing bank set up 1906
    - - 1909 National assembly put in constitution
        
        however, no voting rights, forced through after provincial leaders marched to Beijing three tiumes
      - Cixi's clan cabinet 8 Manchu 5 family
      - slow slicing, public executions banned
- - - - Southern Provinces Mutual defense pact
      - Yuan Shikai
      - over 100 different ethnic groups
      - battle of Senluo temple
    - - Split court
      - Pro-Boxer edict 21 June
- - - - famine in 1898 killed 200,000
      - Flooding of the river in 1898 caused by lack of dyke maintenance by Zhang roumei meant.... 400,000 killed and 800,000 no home
  - - - troops- 50,000 in 1890, to 30,000 in 1895, to 20,000 in 1898
        
        Reliance on militias such as the Green gang and the Big Knife society to provide support
- - - - Beijing saw it's first subway in 1969
      - GDP grew at 2% annually
      - over course of revolution number of irrigated fields increased by 1/3
      - increase of rural roads and infrastructure.
      - Foreign trade reached low of 5% in 1971, but triples by 1975.
    - - Agirculture fell by 2%
      - Industry fell by 18%
      - Black markets
        
        2/3 villagers independent
        
        30 markets in Zheijiang enabled a million people to live.
      - calorie consumption at 1,300
      - 857$ in 2010 dollars for 1978
      - deficit had moved from 1 billion to 2.5 billion
  - - - 1 million barefoot doctors
      - 2/3 hosptial beds were in countryside
      - Maternity- 90% in cities 35% in rural areas
      - life expectancy rose from 35 in 1950 to 65 in 1980
    - - 1% of population had degree (china's lost generation)
      - 26% been educated after the age of 12
    - - One in
  - - - Shanghai communique after Ping Pong diplomacy 72' ended 25 years of no communication
- - - - Failure of the GLF
        
        40 million dead
        
        70% human error
        
        3/4 million backyards furnaces, 40% of metala ctually usable
        
        Sparrowcide.
        
        30% private farming
      - Deng
        
        Son was paralysed as thrown off a buiilding
        
        Struggle sessions and sent to May 7 Cadre Camp as well as a tractor factory.
      - Liu
        
        'Bombard the headquarters of Liu Shaoqi'
        
        2.5 million documents, 600 workers, fabrication of evidenced
        
        died in prison after being refused medicine
        
        Red guards camped outside house, keeping up a din.
      - Peng
        
        arrested and imprisoned for life, replaced with Lin Biao, a Maoist
    - - Hundred flowers campaign 56-57
        
        struggle sessions
      - Anti rightist campaign 57-59
        
        1-2 million persecuted
      - Socialist education movement 59-61
        
        First Ten Points 1.6 million cadres descending into countryside
  - - - power grows from the barrel of a gun
      - Bomb the headquarters
      - Lin Biao cult of personality
        
        780 million copies of Littl Red book distiurbuted
        
        2 million mao badges.
    - - Han Rui dismissed from Office- Beijing mayor Peng Zheng dismissed for allowing play to air
      - Jiang Qing appointed as head of culture
        
        Removed all classical music from conservatoires
      - Four olds
        
        Qufu, home of confucius, 7000 objects destroyed and 2000 graves desecrated
        
        Nie Yuanzi, idolised as she made big character posters against the leaders of Peking university.
        
        Ancient Hall in Beijing, temples destroyed.
  - - - Krushchev secret speech 1959
      - Soviet neutrality in Sino-Indian War
      - 400 special advisers removed, 300 factories unable to run as didn't have qualified operators.
      - 1959 reneges on agreement to give atomic bomb.
    - - 1964 nuclear bomb
- - - - death toll of 1.5 million
      - 4000 killed in ten days of mass execution in Biny`ng
    - - 12 million youth sent down and organised in 22,000 communes
  - - - Wuhan incident
        
        scarlet guards and wuhan workers 600 killed
      - Corroborration with art owners
    - - 100,000 households
      - 3000 teachers killed
      - Ancient hall ransacked, artists, lecturers
      - 60 Peking university lecturers killed
    - - national day Parade cancelled
      - exposed weaknesses - Tu Yedong Ten indictments
    - - Zhou Enlai, 4 million, 100s dead, Deng xiaoping expelled once more.