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ALL TOPICSBIOLOGY 8th - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Neurons
        
        ▪ Cell body
        
        ▪ Dendrites
        
        ▪ Axon
      - Nerves
        
        ▪ Cranial nerves
        
        ▪ Spinal nerves
      - Central nervous system
        
        ▪ Brain
        
        • Cerebrum
        
        • Cerebellum
        
        • Brainstem
        
        ▪ Spinal cord
        
        • Gray matter
        
        • White matter
      - Peripheral nervous system
        
        ▪ Autonomic nervous system
        
        • Sympathetic division
        
        • Parasympathetic division
        
        ▪ Somatic nervous system
      - Review about Cell theory
      - Evolution of the NS
    - - Nerve impulse
        Electrical
        
        Electrical signals
        
        ▪ Action potential
        
        electrical signal within the
        neurons to transfer information
        
        ▪ Resting potential
        
        Action and rest potential
        
        ▪ Sodium-potassium pump
        
        ▪ Depolarization
        
        ▪ Repolarization
      - Synapsis
        Chemical
        
        Neurotransmiters
        
        Dopamine
        
        Cerotonine
        
        Oxitocine
        
        Endorphines
        
        Happy Drugs & RAT party
    - - ◦ Sensory input
      - ◦ Integration
      - ◦ Motor output
    - - External stimuli
        
        ▪ Light
        
        ▪ Sound
        
        ▪ Temperature
        
        ▪ Pressure
        
        ▪ Pain
      - Internal stimuli
        
        ▪ Chemical signals
        
        ▪ Hormones
        
        ▪ pH levels
        
        ▪ Blood pressure
    - - Vision
        
        ▪ Rod cells
        
        ▪ Cone cells
      - Hearing
        
        ▪ Inner ear
        
        ▪ Cochlea
      - Taste
        
        ▪ Taste buds
        
        ▪ Taste receptors
      - Smell
        
        ▪ Olfactory receptors
        
        ▪ Olfactory bulb
      - Touch
        
        ▪ Skin receptors
        
        ▪ Pressure receptors
    - - ◦ Body temperature regulation
      - ◦ Blood sugar control
      - ◦ pH balance
      - ◦ Water balance
- - - - Muscles
        
        ▪ Smooth muscles
        
        ▪ Cardiac muscles
        
        ▪ Skeletal muscles
      - Bones
        
        ▪ Long bones
        
        ▪ Short bones
        
        ▪ Flat bones
        
        ▪ Irregular bones
      - Joints
        
        ▪ Ball-and-socket joints
        
        ▪ Hinge joints
        
        ▪ Pivot joints
        
        ▪ Gliding joints
      - Tendons
        
        ▪ Connective tissue
        
        ▪ Muscle attachment
    - - Motor neurons
        
        ▪ Motor unit
      - Muscle contraction
        
        ▪ Sliding filament theory
      - Skeletal movement
        
        ▪ Flexion
        
        ▪ Extension
        
        ▪ Rotation
    - - Muscular strength and endurance
        
        ▪ Resistance training
        
        ▪ Aerobic exercise
      - Flexibility
        
        ▪ Stretching exercises
      - Training and conditioning
        
        ▪ Warm-up
        
        ▪ Cool-down
        
        ▪ Rest and recovery
  - - - Kidneys
        
        ▪ Nephrons
        
        • Glomerulus
        
        • Tubules
        
        ▪ Renal pelvis
      - Urinary system
        
        ▪ Ureters
        
        ▪ Urinary bladder
        
        ▪ Urethra
      - Filtration
        
        ▪ Blood filtration
        
        ▪ Waste removal
      - Reabsorption
        
        ▪ Nutrient and water reabsorption
      - Secretion
        
        ▪ Toxins and waste elimination
    - - Waste removal
        
        ▪ Nitrogenous waste
        
        ▪ Urea production
      - Fluid balance
        
        ▪ Osmoregulation
      - Acid-base balance
        
        ▪ pH regulation
        
        ▪ Buffer systems
- - - - Heart
        
        ▪ Chambers (atria and ventricles)
        
        ▪ Valves (atrioventricular and semilunar)
        
        ▪ Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
      - Blood
        
        ▪ Components (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma)
        
        ▪ Functions (transportation, defense, clotting)
      - Circulation
        
        ▪ Systemic circulation
        
        ▪ Pulmonary circulation
      - Cardiac cycle
        
        ▪ Systole and diastole
        
        ▪ Electrical conduction system
    - - ◦ Blood flow through the heart
      - ◦ Heart rate and rhythm
      - ◦ Blood pressure
      - ◦ Vascular system
        
        ▪ Arteries
        
        Caries O2
        
        ▪ Veins
        
        Caries CO2
        
        ▪ Capillaries
      - ◦ Exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products at the capillary level
  - - - ◦ Nervous system vs endocrine system
      - ◦ Hormones as chemical messengers
      - ◦ Target cells and receptors
      - ◦ Signal transduction pathways
    - - ◦ Role of hormones in growth and development
      - ◦ Metabolism regulation
      - ◦ Reproductive system regulation
      - ◦ Stress response and cortisol production
      - ◦ Calcium homeostasis and parathyroid hormone
    - - ◦ Pituitary gland
      - ◦ Thyroid gland
      - ◦ Adrenal glands
      - ◦ Pancreas
      - ◦ Ovaries and testes
    - - ◦ Steroid hormones
      - ◦ Peptide hormones
      - ◦ Amine hormones
    - - ◦ Negative feedback loops
      - ◦ Positive feedback loops
      - ◦ Hypothalamic-pituitary axis
    - - ◦ Similarities and differences in hormone production and function
      - ◦ Role of hormones in plant growth and development
- - - - ◦ Role of mucus in trapping pathogens
      - ◦ Mucus-producing cells in respiratory and digestive systems
    - - ◦ Physical barrier against pathogens
      - ◦ Role of sweat and sebum in inhibiting bacterial growth
      - ◦ Skin-associated immune cells (Langerhans cells)
  - - - ◦ Non-specific defense mechanisms
      - ◦ Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
      - ◦ Phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils)
      - ◦ Natural killer cells
      - ◦ Inflammatory response
    - - ◦ Specific defense mechanisms
      - ◦ Antigen recognition by B cells and T cells
      - ◦ Antibody production by B cells (humoral immunity)
      - ◦ Cellular response by T cells (cell-mediated immunity)
    - - ◦ Protection against pathogens and foreign substances
      - ◦ Recognition and elimination of abnormal cells (cancerous or infected)
      - ◦ Maintenance of immune homeostasis
    - - ◦ Microorganisms that cause disease (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
      - ◦ Modes of transmission (airborne, direct contact, contaminated food/water)
      - ◦ Examples of common pathogens and associated diseases
    - - ◦ First line of defense (skin, mucous membranes)
      - ◦ Second line of defense (inflammatory response, phagocytic cells)
      - ◦ Third line of defense (acquired immunity)
    - - ◦ Activation and proliferation of immune cells
      - ◦ Cytokine release and cell signaling
      - ◦ Antigen presentation and T cell activation
    - - ◦ Purpose and function of vaccines
      - ◦ Types of vaccines (live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, mRNA)
      - ◦ Herd immunity and vaccine effectiveness
    - - ◦ Routes of disease transmission (airborne, direct/indirect contact, vectors)
      - ◦ Factors influencing disease spread (population density, hygiene, travel)
      - ◦ Strategies for disease prevention and control
    - - ◦ Autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus)
      - ◦ Immunodeficiency disorders (e.g., HIV/AIDS, primary immunodeficiencies)
      - ◦ Allergies and hypersensitivity reactions