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Unit 1. Security Process - Coggle Diagram

- - - - From the definition it is clear that the emergency plan seeks to optimize the available resources, so its implementation implies having previously provided the building with the infrastructure of material or technical means necessary according to the characteristics of the building and the activity carried out therein.
        the characteristics of the building and the activity that is carried out in it.
        
        The building must have previously identified and analyzed the risks or deficiencies of the building, which is essential in order to determine the prevention-protection means required for the building.
  - - - During this period, the emergency plan, which must exist even if it is provisional, must contemplate such a situation and adapt to such shortcomings, so that the actions foreseen therein are in line with what can be done based on "what is available and under what conditions".
  - - - ¿And in those buildings or activities for which there are no regulations that require them to do so?
        
        The implementation of an emergency plan is always technically required when dealing with installations in which there is a serious risk situation or in installations in which, although the level of risk is not high, the human or material consequences that could occur could be.
        
        The casuistry of accidents (see Table) confirms that this situation occurs in buildings and areas of public concurrence, regardless of the activity carried out in them and their intrinsic risk level, since an accident in this type of building presents a high risk of serious consequences for the people who occupy them.
  - - - Among them, the following are noteworthy for their incidence and importance:
        
        Occupancy density: hinders physical movement and the correct perception of existing signals, modifying the occupants' behavior. In turn, it conditions the ideal method for alerting the occupants in case of emergency, since if the notification of the emergency would cause panic reactions it would aggravate the problem.
        
        Characteristics of the occupants: in general, these buildings are occupied and people with enormous variety among them (age, mobility, perception, knowledge, discipline, etc.) coexist in them.
        
        Existence of foreign personnel: almost all of these buildings are occupied by people who do not use them regularly and, consequently, are not familiar with them. This makes it difficult to locate exits, corridors or routes leading to them or any other security installations in these premises.
        
        Lighting limitations: they are frequently used in darkness or with low lighting levels. This leads to difficulties in the perception and identification of signs, access to roads, etc. and in turn increases the risk of being run over, falling, pushing and shoving.
  - - - Although its use is voluntary and its use is reflected in the 1st provision of the Order itself, its application significantly facilitates the steps to be taken to evaluate the risk and to draw up and implement an emergency plan. We now proceed to develop and comment on the Order.
        
        The self-protection manual is structured in four documents that cover four phases for its correct application:
        
        a) Document 1: Risk assessment
        
        This document aims, through the complementation of three predetermined blocks, to identify the potential fire risk, its assessment and its location in the building.
        
        Potential risk
        
        For their identification, the existing hazardous situations with all their determining risk factors must be indicated in detail. In particular, the following should be described:
        
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        Evaluation
        
        An assessment will be made to evaluate the current conditions of each of the risks considered in each area, as well as their interrelation.
        The Manual uses for this purpose the criterion of intrinsic risk based on use, occupancy, surface area of the activity and height of the buildings. This makes it possible to classify the level of risk as high, medium or low.
        The evacuation conditions of each floor of the building must be evaluated according to compliance or non-compliance with current regulations, defining evacuation conditions as adequate and inadequate
        
        Location and site plans
        
        In addition to the report containing the analysis and comparison of all the aspects mentioned above, the information collected and evaluated on the risk will be represented graphically in drawings in a manageable format and to an appropriate scale. The graphic symbols used will correspond to the UNE 23- 032 standard.
        
        b) Document 2: Means of protection
        
        This document should list both the technical and human resources necessary or available for self-protection, as follows:
        
        Inventory of technical resources
        
        A detailed description of the technical means necessary and available for self-protection should be made. In particular, detection and alarm installations, fire extinguishing equipment, special lighting (signaling, emergency, replacement) and means of rescue and relief shall be described, indicating their characteristics, location, adequacy, level of equipment, state of maintenance, etc. for each of them.
        
        Inventory of human resources
        
        A detailed description of the human resources necessary and available to participate in self-protection actions must be made. The inventory shall be made for each site and for each time involving different human availability: day, night, holidays, vacations, etc.
        The number of components of each team and their distribution throughout the building must be justified. The teams must cover the entire area of the building, distributing it by zones, so that each team has a defined area of action, which generally corresponds to the one in which its workstations are located.
        
        c) Document 3: Emergency Plan
        
        In this document the scheme of actions to be carried out in case of emergency will be elaborated. From the previous study of the potential risks and the means of protection available, the actions to be included in the emergency plan will be derived.
        
        In order to be operational, the emergency plan must have clear, concrete and concise answers to the questions "what will be done, who will do it, when, how and where will it be done", planning the human organization with the necessary means to make it possible. The following aspects will be contemplated and included in this document:
        
        Emergency classification
        
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        d) Document 4: Implementation
        
        By implementation of the emergency plan we mean the set of measures to be taken or sequence of actions to be carried out to ensure the operational effectiveness of the plan.
        
        Responsibility
        
        The responsibility for the implementation of the Plan lies with the owner of the activity.
        The management, technical personnel, middle management and workers of the establishment shall actively participate in the implementation.
        
        Organization
        
        Coordination of actions necessary for the implementation and maintenance of the Emergency Plan, through an emergency manager or an emergency committee in cases where it is deemed necessary.
        
        Technical resources
        
        Maintenance program for hazardous installations and the means of prevention and protection required by current legislation.
- - - - o Detailed description of the premises, their use, furnishings and components.
        o Their maintenance
        o Adaptation to new uses and layouts
        o Its inventory and updated valuation
        o Its conservation and periodic updating
        o The planning and design of its future need
        o The tasks involved (drawing up plans, checking conditions).
  - - - The actions must therefore be the result of a well thought-out and effective maintenance plan that is capable of making each and every one of those involved feel that they are participants. Any audit, whether external or internal, must demonstrate that it is acting in accordance with the demands of the service offered. And all this requires a great deal, from the highest level of demand to the last link in the organizational chain, and on the basis of clearly differentiated approaches or needs. Offering quality requires investment from the outset, but it is the claim that guarantees maintaining services at full performance; the investment involved in the maintenance plan mentioned above must not forget at any time the training of the personnel involved on the one hand, nor the necessary material resources on the other, nor the medium and long term renovation program, so as not to reach the end of a stage or cycle and find obsolete facilities.
  - - - The need to ensure a correct image makes it necessary to pay attention to aspects such as adequate cleaning of all visible elements, proper maintenance of finishes both indoors and outdoors, maintaining adequate lighting levels and keeping graphic signage systems up to date.
  - - - Databases
        
        From a technical point of view, the first important work to be done in the implementation of a computer system is the description of the hotel.
        
        This description is nothing more than a systematized decomposition of all the elements to be maintained. The need for a more or less exhaustive description of the hotel depends on the type of computerization chosen. Two types of decomposition can be established: by subsystems (roofs, fire protection, air conditioners) or by items (boiler, burner, valves, extinguishers, fire hydrant).
        In any case, a list of associated maintenance operations and their periodicity must be available in accordance with current regulations.
- - - - Often, a process has been performed for so long that it is mistakenly thought to be essential to the operation of the operating area. After many years of performing the operation, the process becomes institutional, and personnel tend to accept it without question. However, it is the job of safety professionals to question the old and accepted procedures for doing things, if they are
        accepted procedures for doing things if they are risky.
    - - If a process is essential and must be retained, it may be possible to change it to a less hazardous method or material. A good example is replacing benzene (which causes leukemia) with less hazardous solvents. Another example is changing a machining process to be done dry, i.e., without the benefit of cutting fluid. It is true that many machine and tool cutting operations require cutting fluid, but for some materials and processes it may not be essential and the drawbacks may outweigh the benefits.
    - - When a process is absolutely essential to plant operation and there is no way to substitute it or change the hazardous materials with which it is performed, it is sometimes possible to control exposure to risk by protecting personnel.
    - - Sometimes an essential hazardous operation cannot be eliminated, replaced with a less hazardous process or material, or adequately protected from personnel exposure. In these situations, it is at least possible to place a warning label that reminds personnel of the hazards not controlled by the machine or the process itself. This design approach is not as effective as the previous ones, because personnel may not read or pay attention to the labels, but despite their limited effectiveness, labels are better than forgetting the existence of hazards in the design.