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Cell Death, Necrosis & Calcification - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Anemia
      - Ischaemia
      - Hypoxia
    - - Radiation
      - Electric shock
      - Temp extremes
      - Mechanical trauma
      - Changes in atmospheric pressure
    - - Poisons e.g. arsenic, cyanide, mercury
      - Excess oxygen
      - Alcohol
      - Pollutants
    - - Protein-calorie deficiencies
      - Vit deficiencies
      - Anorexia
      - Food shortages
      - Obesity
    - - Parasites
      - Protozoa
      - Fungi
      - Bacteria
      - Prions
      - Viruses
    - - Autoimmune diseases
        
        Diabetes mellitus
        
        Hypothyroidism
        
        Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
    - - Base pair substitution
      - Chromosomal e.g. Down's syndrome
  - - - Generalised swelling of the cell (hydropic degeneration)
      - Fatty change
  - - - Necrosis (oncotic necrosis)
      - Apoptosis (condensation & shrinkage)
- - - - Hypereosinophilic (pink)
      - Swells/shrinks, loses adherence
      - Eventually ruptures
    - - Pyknosis
      - Karyorrhexis
      - Karyolysis
      - Absence of nucleus
  - - - Common with ischaemia e.g. infarction & in some toxic/metabolic injuries
      - Common in kidney, liver & muscle
      - Gross appearance: pallor of affected tissue - solid appearance
    - - Overall architecture is lost
      - Due to digestion of dead tissue by lytic enzymes
      - Gross appearance: cavity containing thick fluid
    - - Necrotic centre composed of fragmented/lysed cells
      - Granuloma
      - Gross appearance: Affected tissue becomes pale tan & friable with a caseous (cheese-like) texture
    - - Not a specific pattern
      - Death of tissue within a living body
      - 3 Types
        
        Dry gangrene
        
        Predominately coagulative necrosis
        
        No significant bacterial decomposition
        
        Wet (moist) gangrene
        
        Predominately liquefactive necrosis
        
        Secondary to decrease blood supply
        
        Bacterial infection
        
        Gas gangrene
        
        Necrosis complicated by infection with gas-producing anaerobic bacteria e.g. Clostridia spp.
        
        Secondary to penetrating wounds
        
        Severe pain, swelling, serosanguineous exudate
    - - Occurs when adipose tissue is destroyed