rivers
stages of rivers
mature stage
old stage
youthful stage
low water volume
erosion and deposition takes place
largest volume of water
erosion takes place
fast flowing
steep V-shaped valley, interlocking spurs, waterfalls
steep
open, gently sloping valley
higher volume of water
river slows down
gently sloping
meanders, oxbow lakes
deposition takes place
slow moving
flat and wide flood plains
levelling off
levees
river landforms
case study
mature stage
old stage
youthful stage
interlocking spurs
waterfalls
v shaped valleys 
areas of high ground on both sides of a V shaped valley
a vertical drop in the course of a river in the youthful stage
they are steep sided valleys in the shape of a V
formed when the force of the water cuts downwards into the river bed making it steeper called hydraulic action
examples are the upper courses of the river Lee, Liffey and Moy
formed when the river faces rock that it cannot erode
examples are the upper course of the river slaney and barrow
oxbow lakes
meanders
deltas
flood plains
when hard rock lies above soft rock, the soft rock is eroded quicker than the hard rock, forming a vertical drop
the work of rivers
erosion
transportation
deposition
- abrasion
- attrition
- hydraulic action
- solution
- bouncing
- suspension
- rolling
- solution
the physical force of the river wears way and breaks off bit of rock and soil from the river banks and beds
small stones in the river wears away the the river banks and the bed
the small stones are worn down by hitting off of each other
rocks and soil is dissolved with acids in the river
larger stones are rolled along the bed of the river known as traction
smaller pebbles are bounces along the river bed known as saltation
light materials such as sand float along with the river
other materials dissolve in the water and are carried along by the river
as the fall increases in size, the materials in the river creates a 'plunge pool' at the base which gets bigger overtime through the processes of hydraulic action and abrasion
an example is the torc waterfall in Killarney
they are curves or bends in a river
formed from deposition and erosion
river starts to move more slowly and lateral erosion starts to occur
levees
the hydraulic actions of the river erodes the banks on the outside of the river. the bank is also undercut
overtime, the banks turn into more extreme loops
examples are the middle courses of the shannon
a horseshoe shaped lake formed from a meander cut off
when the neck of a meander becomes tight, the river can erode its way through the neck
this usually happens during a flood
overtime the lake will dry up causing a oxbow scar
examples are the middle courses of the river liffey and moy
a wide flat area of land on either side of a river
a build up of alluvium on the river banks
landforms of deposition
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in times of low flow, materials are deposited on the river bed
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during the winter of 2015-16,Ireland was affected by a series of storms with storm Desmond bringing the most amount of rain
immediate impact
government responses
why did the flooding happen
long term solutions
lack of flood defences
the building of residential and commercial units
an unusually high amount of rainfall
poor management
concerns of water quality
roads damaged
large areas of farmland covered in water
businesses forced to shut down
thousands of homes flooded
livestock lost
families were temporarily held in emergency accomodation
16 million euro were given to local councils
the army were told to put out sandbags
85 million was given to repair the damage caused
the shannon was dredged
the shannon flood risk group was founded
better flood defences were put in
a national flood forecast was set up
increase in its load size
reduction of the rivers volume
reduction in the river speed
the gradient level goes off
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