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rivers - Coggle Diagram

- - - - a horseshoe shaped lake formed from a meander cut off
        
        when the neck of a meander becomes tight, the river can erode its way through the neck
        
        this usually happens during a flood
        
        overtime the lake will dry up causing a oxbow scar
        
        examples are the middle courses of the river liffey and moy
    - - they are curves or bends in a river
        
        formed from deposition and erosion
        
        river starts to move more slowly and lateral erosion starts to occur
        
        the hydraulic actions of the river erodes the banks on the outside of the river. the bank is also undercut
        
        overtime, the banks turn into more extreme loops
        
        examples are the middle courses of the shannon
  - - - landforms of deposition
    - - a wide flat area of land on either side of a river
    - - a build up of alluvium on the river banks
        
        in times of low flow, materials are deposited on the river bed
  - - - areas of high ground on both sides of a V shaped valley
        
        formed when the river faces rock that it cannot erode
        
        examples are the upper course of the river slaney and barrow
    - - a vertical drop in the course of a river in the youthful stage
        
        when hard rock lies above soft rock, the soft rock is eroded quicker than the hard rock, forming a vertical drop
        
        as the fall increases in size, the materials in the river creates a 'plunge pool' at the base which gets bigger overtime through the processes of hydraulic action and abrasion
        
        an example is the torc waterfall in Killarney
    - - they are steep sided valleys in the shape of a V
        
        formed when the force of the water cuts downwards into the river bed making it steeper called hydraulic action
        
        examples are the upper courses of the river Lee, Liffey and Moy
- - - - small stones in the river wears away the the river banks and the bed
    - - the small stones are worn down by hitting off of each other
    - - the physical force of the river wears way and breaks off bit of rock and soil from the river banks and beds
    - - rocks and soil is dissolved with acids in the river
  - - - smaller pebbles are bounces along the river bed known as saltation
    - - light materials such as sand float along with the river
    - - larger stones are rolled along the bed of the river known as traction
    - - other materials dissolve in the water and are carried along by the river
- - - - concerns of water quality
      - roads damaged
      - large areas of farmland covered in water
      - businesses forced to shut down
      - thousands of homes flooded
      - livestock lost
    - - families were temporarily held in emergency accomodation
      - 16 million euro were given to local councils
      - the army were told to put out sandbags
      - 85 million was given to repair the damage caused
    - - lack of flood defences
      - the building of residential and commercial units
      - an unusually high amount of rainfall
      - poor management
    - - the shannon was dredged
      - the shannon flood risk group was founded
      - better flood defences were put in
      - a national flood forecast was set up