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Principles of Classical Conditioning (CC) - Coggle Diagram
Principles of Classical Conditioning (CC)
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning:
Unconditioned Stimuli (US)
=
the stimulus that naturally elicited salivation !
Unconditioned Response (UR)
= salivation
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
= neutral stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)=
the salivation it produced after conditioning is this.
Definition:explains how certain stimuli acquire the capacity to automatically elicit a particular response.
CC has also been used to explain a variety of human responses including emotional reactions, attitudes, drug addiction, allergies, food/sex preferences and aversions and psychosomatic dx.
2.) Classical Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
Classical Extinction:
The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response as the result of repeated presentation of the CS alone.
Spontaneous Recovery:
Pavlov's investigation of extinction revealed that a weak CR is often elicited by the CS following extinction trials -- Once something is learned, it is never entirely forgotten, it is suppressed rather than eliminated.
1.)The effectiveness of CC
1. Temporal Relationship btw the CS and US:
c. Simultanioneous Conditioning:
is even less effective than TC and involves presenting and withdrawing the CS and US at the same time.
d. Backward Conditioning:
entails presenting the US prior to the CS. BC does not usually produce a conditioned response, and its ineffectiveness implies thatit's the contingency of stimuli (rather than their contiguity) that underlies classical conditioning. In other words,
classical conditioning occurs when presentation of the US seems to depend on presentation of the CS.
a. Delay conditioning:
a type of
forward conditioning
and involves presenting the S so that it precedes and overlaps presentation of the US. When using this procedure, the optimal time interval between the onset of the CS and the US depends on the nature of the target response, but generally the most effective interval is about 0.5 seconds.
DC is the most efficient procedure for establishing a conditioned response.
b. Trace Conditioning
: another type of
forward conditioning
and entails presenting and terminating the CS prior to presenting the US.
TC produces a weaker CR than does Delay Conditioning.
2. Number of Conditioning Trials:
the greater the number of conditioning trials, the stronger and more persistent the CR. However, regarless of the number of trials, the CR is usually weaker in intensity or magnitude than the UR.
Pre-exposure to the CS or US:
Repeated exposure to the US or the intended CS before the CS and US are paired slows down acquisition of the CR.
3.) Stimulus Generalization (SG)
: which means that it responds with a conditioned response not only to the CS but also to stimuli that are similar to the CS.
4.)
Stimulus Discrimination (SD) and Experimental Neurosis
Stimulus Discrimination
: is the opposite of SG and refers to the ability to discriminate btw the CS and similar stimuli and respond only to the CS with a CR.
Experimental Neurosis:
When a dog is being conditioned to salivate in response to the circle but not ellipses (they are too similar) and can cause behaviors (i.e., restlessness, agitation, unprovoked aggressiveness, and other behaviors) resembling acute neurosis in humans.
5.)
Higher-Order Conditioning: AKA: Second Order Conditioning:
and so forth: occurs when a previously established CS serves as a US to establish a conditioned response for a new conditioned (neutral) stimulus.
Blocking:
occurs when an association has already been established btw the CS and the US and as a result the CS blocks an association btw a second neutral stimulus and when the CS and the second neutral stimulus are presented together prior to the US.
Overshadowing:
Occurs when two neutral stimuli (rather than a CS and a new neutral stimulus) are repeatedly presented together prior to the US.
John B. Watson:
Father of American Behaviorism
-Study of observable, measurable behaviors.
-all learning is CC
Little Albert:
-establishes a phobia in a 11 month old boy.
-(US) loud noise naturally elicited a startle response (UR) in infants.
-He exposed albert to a (CS) a white rat with the loud noise (CR).
-He was scared and had stimulus generalization
