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CHANGING PATTERNS AND APPROACHES, 1955-80 - CAMPAIGNING IN THE SOUTH -…
CHANGING PATTERNS AND APPROACHES, 1955-80 - CAMPAIGNING IN THE SOUTH
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955
Rosa Parks, NAACP member, arrested for sitting at the front of a bus. A NAACP lawyer took her case. The Montgomery improvement administration was established - MLK chosen as leader; they publicised the arrest and organised a boycott.
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It had a large impact because around 75% of bus users were black, and about 90% of them boycotted.
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MLK:
- got media attention
- the more media attention he got, the more prominent he became.
- Media-conscious
- Set up the SCLC
- Refined NVDA rules to create the best possible impression in the media.
- integrationist- wanted all races to join in the protests.
Little Rock, 1957
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The black students were met with verbal and physical racial abuse, with one student having acid thrown at her.
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Led to the NAACP obtaining a supreme court ruling that declared any law seeking to keep schools segregated as unconstitutional.
But, it wasn't until 1960 that the school in Little Rock was fully integrated, and until 1972 that other Little Rock schools were.
MLK managed to get a meeting with Eisenhower, who reluctantly sent in federal troops to protect the schoolchildren.
Greensboro sit-in, 1960
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Inspired sit-ins around the south- about 70,000 black students imitated them.
The media show images of calm, black students waiting to be served while a crowed of whites yelled at them.
Led Woolworths to desegregate all lunch counters and encouraged 150 cities to introduce some form of desegregation.
SNCC, established in 1960:
- young people
- NVDA
- sent out people to live and work in the south to encourage voter registration.
- caused divisions between young and old activists
MLK- The Birmingham campaign, 1963
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Children were involved in the protest, and the racist chief of police ordered his men to use high-pressure fire hoses and dogs on them. Pictures of this went worldwide, which generated sympathy.
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FREEDOM SUMMER, 1964
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News coverage of beatings, false arrests and even murder drew international attention to the civil rights movement.
While 17,000 Black Mississippians attempted to register to vote that summer, only 1,200 were successful.