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Chemistry - Coggle Diagram
Chemistry
Lab safety
Some lab rules: Always tie up hair, don't eat or drink in the lab, don't throw things, don't drink chemicals, wear protection, don't mix chemicals when not told to, don't run
In most cases, if something goes wrong in the lab i.e somethig breaks, tell the teacher so it doesn't get worse.
In some other scenarios, i.e you burn yourself, run it under cold water if you know that will help you and if your teacher has advised you to.
Elements, compounds and mixtures
Element: A substance made of atoms that cannot be split into anything simpler. Found in the periodic table.
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Bunsen burners
There are 3 flames in the bunsen burner. The 'safety flame' which is bright orange and is pigmented so it is easy to see, making it the safest. The 'blue flame' is the most fierce flame out of them all. This setting of flame is shown when the hole if fully open and can reach temperatures of up to 700 degrees and is very dangerous due to its lack of pigment. The last flame is the 'invisible flame'. It is the most dangerous one out of them all since the chances of burning yourself is very high. This is because it could be on when you don't know it therefore leading you to get injured.
How the bunsen burner works is there is a gas inlet at the top of the base. Natural gas and air mix together in a tube, and this mixture is ignited at the top of the tube. Light and heat is liberated in the 'ensuing combustion reaction'.
States of matter
Everything is made up of matter. Matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space. There are 3 main states of matter, solid, liquid and gas.
Everything around you is made up of matter and those 3 main states are what make them up. Solid particles are all touching each other and are very close together where as the liquid particles are a little bit spaced out. The gas particles are all over the place and are far away from each other.
Acids and alkalis
Acid: a substance with particular chemical properties including turning litmus red, neutralizing alkalis, and dissolving some metals. On the PH scale, acids can range from 1-6 (red to yellow).
Alkali: A chemical that can dissolve in water, combine with acids to form salts, and make acids less acidic. On the PH scale, alkalis can range from 8-14 (dark green to purple).
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The pH scale
The pH scale is a scale in which determines whether a substance is an acid, alkali or neutral. The colour range red-yellow means it is acidic with the numbers 1-6 (red meaning very acidic and yellow meaning weaker acidity). The colour range green with the number 7 means a substance is neutral. Finally, the last colour range is dark green-purple with the numbers 8-14, meaning the substance is alkaline (8 meaning a weak alkali and 14 meaning a strong alkali).
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crystilisation
the process of formation of solid crystals from solution, melt or by deposition directly from a gas phase
universal indicator
a mixture of dyes that changes colour gradually over a range of pH and is used (especially as indicator paper) in testing for acids and alkalis.