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Diabetes Diabetes Millitus, :star: Terms to look up, :pencil2: Terms to…
Diabetes
Diabetes Millitus
Type 1
Hyperglycaemia due to insulin deficiency
Very likely to present with
diabetic ketoacidosis
Biochemical triad
Hyperglycaemia
Ketonoemia
Metabolic acidosis
Common DKA causes
Missed insulin injection
Infection/illness
Other DKA causes
Alcohol/drug use
Heart attack/stroke
Physical injury
Some medication like diuretics and corticosteroids
DKA - what happens?
Body doesn't have enough insulin to let blood sugar into cells for energy
Instead, liver uses fat for fuel. This process produces acids called ketones.
Too many ketones too quick can be dangerous.
DKA signs and symptoms
Thirst
Urinating more than usual
Fast/deep breathing
Dry skin/mouth
Flushed face
Fruity smelling breath
Headache
Muscle stiffness/aches
Very tired
Nausea/vomiting
Stomach pain
:question: Diabetes indipidus
:question: Intensive glycemic control
Chronic
The pancreas releases insulin when it detects too much sugar in the bloodstream to help the sugar get into the cells
Once the sugar levels drop, the pancreas reduces the amount of insulin it releases
Pancreatic islet cells
Made up of 5 types of cells
PP/gamma cells
Delta cells
Epsilon cells
Beta cells
Produces insulin and amylin
Responds quickly to spikes in blood glucose releasing stored insulin and amylin while producing more
Can't do that in Type 1 because beta cells are reduced
Research has been done one IAT (2017)
Islet autotransplantation
To increase insulin independence
Alpha cells
Paracrine feedback system
When it detects glucose/insulin it activates beta cells and inhibits alpha cells
Endocrine system
:star: Terms to look up
Polyuria
Nephropathy
Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Vasopressin secretion
Polydipsia
Metabolic (disorder)
Beta-cells
Tachypnoea
Enteroviruses
Ketonaemia
:pencil2: Terms to know :pencil2:
Diuretics
Medication that increases urine output
Used to get rid of excess water and salts
May be used for high blood pressure/heart failure
Corticosteroids aka steroids
An antinflammatory medication
A man-made medicine that resemble the hormones cortisone, hyrocortisone and prednison
Used for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and allergies
Paracrine signalling
A form of cellular communication - the way cells communicate