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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING - Coggle Diagram

- - - - single photon rotating detector
    - - Fixed positron-electron annihilation
    - - Rotating x-ray tube
    - - Invasive
        
        Stereotactic frame (bolts into skull)
        
        Induced paralysis
        
        sedation
      - non-invasive
        
        Head rest
        
        Vacuum mold
      - Electronic correction
        
        Corruption exclusion
        
        image alignment
        
        Gating
        
        deconvolution
        
        Data driven estimation
        
        Event based correction
- - - - ISO 13485 design control legislation
        
        design manufacturing process
        
        collection of documents detailing manufacturing procedure
        
        design history file
        
        full description of design process
        
        Design transfer
        
        Validation
        
        Verification
        
        Design inputs
    - - Purpose
        
        Benefits society
        
        Safety
        
        Moral and social obligation
        
        Examination of ethical framework
      - Ethical theories
        
        Ethical egoism
        
        Utalitarianism
        
        Duty ethics
        
        Rights ethics
        
        Virtue ethics
        
        Line drawing methods
- - - - Electrical impulses via axon potential if it is stronger then the axon hillok
      - Can activate gated channels
      - Neurotransmitters
        
        Binds to dendrites and can elicit a certain response
  - - - Compact bone (cortical) - stronger bone located on outside
      - Spongy bone (cancellous) - shock absorption
      - Periosteum - covering of bone
      - marrow cavity
      - hyaline cartilage - lubrication
    - - Oesteoclasts - breaks down bone matrix
      - Oesteoblasts - synthesise bone matrix
      - Osteocytes - maintain bone tissue structure
    - - Where 2 bones meet - also called an articulation
        
        Fibrous joints - no movement
        
        cartilaginous joints - slight movement
        
        Synovial joints - free movement
  - - - Each muscle fibre is made up of bundles of myofibrils and is surrounded by endomysium.
      - Sarcomere: what causes the contraction of entire muscle → units of myofibrils.
      - Actin filaments
      - Myosin filament: have little fingers, myosin heads, attach to actin and pull it towards the middle (M line) → sarcomere shortens.
      - The process by which a nerve impulse leads to a muscle contraction:
    - - Layers of the heart
        
        Visceral Pericardial: the ones most closes associated to organ itself, therefore inner pericardial
        
        Parietal pericardial: outer pericardial
        
        Pericardial cavity: pericardial fluid is to add lubrication
        
        Myocardium: major layer of the heart muscle
        
        Endocardium:
      - Blood travel
        
        CO2 blood comes from superior vena cava and inferior vena cava → reight atrium and right ventricle contract → goes to pulmonary artery → lung gets 02 → i through pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle contracts → blood off to body.
- - - - ADV: high strength, wear resistance, easy to sterilise.
      - DISADV: Corrosion, metal ion toxicity
      - Bones, bioelectronics, dental implants, filling
    - - ADV: corrosion resistance, bioactive/inert, easy to sterilise
      - DISADV: mechanical properties are compromised, not easy to fabricate.
    - - ADV:Tailorable physical and mechanical properties, surface modification, biodegradable, easy to fabricate.
      - DISADV: leachable toxic compounds, wear and breakdown, difficult to sterilise.
  - - - Bioinert: has no active properties, completely passive eg. metals or some ceramics
      - Biofunctional: have a functional role in the biology interface
      - Bioactive: has an active role not just functional, eg has a drug or hormone attached
      - Biomimetic: trying to mimic biology, how can we mimic to improve an implant
      - Bioinstructive: stem cells
      - Biodegradable: undergoes a degradation due to its biological environment
      - Bioedorable: breaks down but usually dissolvable, slowly dissolving into the solution around it.
- - - - Droplet manipulation
        
        Splitting
        
        Merging
        
        Multiple emulsions: droplets within droplets within droplets etc etc.
        
        Could have a different concentration of different drugs
      - Dropplet microfluid: cell encapsulation: can grow cells within them
- - - - Cerebral Palsy is the most common physical disability of childhood and is a lifelong condition.
      - $5.2B economic cost.
      - What is CB? It is a brain injury (stroke, blockage or lack of oxygen) usually during 1st week after birth. It affects movement and posture.
      - Magnesium to the mother during pregnancy and steroids to the baby can reduce CP formation or prevent it.
    - - Brain computer interface:
        
        Direct eye communication
        
        Reduce re-calibrations
        
        Increase privacy (a must for teenagers)
        
        Context dependant (computer vision)
- - - - Conventional systemic deliver: drug is distributed theough bloodstream in whole body and accumulates where it needs to
      - Targeted; passive vs active
      - Advantages: less side effects ir does damage where we want the damage, mlde effextive treatment for a given dose of drugs.
  - - - is NP smallee than 5nm cleaned by the kidney
      - if larger than 5nm NP continues to circulate in the blood and tjem reach intended destination.
      - passively using gaps in blood vessels around particular tissues
  - - - nanoparticles act as beacons
        
        np attatch to very small trace thing that is indicative
        
        Theranosrics a portmanteau of therapy and diagnostic
- - - - Symptoms are difficulty initiating sleep, maintaining sleep, early morning waking, impact day function.
        
        Affect 1 in 3 adults
        
        Clinically significant if experiences in over 3 days over 1 months
        
        Clinically significant in 1/20 adults
    - - Characterised by pauses in breathing during sleep
        
        Hypopnea → reduces airflow
        
        Aponea-Hypopnea index (AHI) > 5 events p
        
        per hour then doctor
        
        Causes intermittent blood oxygen desaturation and repeated microarousals from sleep
    - - Impaired cognition
        
        Negative mood
        
        Reduced QOL
        
        Impaired blood pressire and blood sugar control
      - Societal impact
        
        Increased accident and injury
        
        Healthcare utilisation 818 mil
        
        Lost productivity 4.3 billion
        
        Human cost in lost wellbeing 31.4 billion
        
        Total economic burden of 36 billion per annum in Australia.
      - Treatment
        
        Self report
        
        Therapy monitoring
- - - - To replicate biomedical systems of the region in scilio
      - Prothesis: is typically modelled in CAD.
      - Anatomy: is ocmmonly rather complicated and cannot be modeled in CAD
    - - Data aquisition
        
        Solid modelling
        
        Numerical analysis
        
        Geometry: What does it look like
        
        Material properties: what is it made from
        
        Loads: what forces is it subject to
        
        Boundary conditions: what is happening at the system boundary.
        
        Limitations of numerical analysis
        
        Biomedical problems are complicated: – Sophisticated geometry – Non-linear, anisotropic materials – Complex loading and boundary conditions – Coupled physics
        Examples: Is the approximation good enough? – How much detail is required/feasible? – Are the assumptions reasonable? – How would you validate it?
- - - - Numbers conditions such as: chronic pain, cardio stuff, immune system
      - Multiple treatments work for multiple conditions: (many to many)
    - - ~2b for cochlear and ~5b for deep brain stimulation.
- - - - DIN → CEN → IS0
  - - - Summary of ISO 9001
        
        ● Know what you are building, build it the same way every time
        
        ● Navigate the regulatory environment (e.g. with help of a Notified Body)
        
        ● Target your approvals (TGA, CE, FDA, etc.)
        
        ● Comply with ISO13485 ○ 20 sections - organisational policies and procedures
        
        ● Resistance is futile!!
        
        Understand the applicable standards